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Effects of HDM extract on GDNF production by HaCaT and primary keratinocytes, and suppression by Aptamin C. HaCaT (A) and primary human keratinocytes (B) were treated with 25 μg/mL of HDM extract, with or without vitamin C, Aptamin, or Aptamin C, for 48 h. Culture supernatants were collected, and the concentrations of GDNF were measured by ELISA. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
