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. 2021 Jun 11;10(6):1190. doi: 10.3390/plants10061190

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Dose-dependent effects of hot-water extract of A. arabica bark on insulin release from (A,B) BRIN-BD11 cells and (C) islets of Langerhans, (D) protein glycation, (E) insulin secretion in the presence of established stimulators or inhibitors and (F) absence of extracellular calcium. Values are the mean ± SEM for n = 4–8 for insulin release and n = 3 for protein glycation. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 compared to control (5.6/16.7 mM glucose and 220 mM glucose + insulin (1 mg/mL)). ϕ p < 0.05, ϕϕ p < 0.01 and ϕϕϕ p < 0.001 compared to 5.6 mM glucose in the presence of the extract. Δ p < 0.05, ΔΔ p < 0.01 and ΔΔΔ p < 0.001 compared to respective incubation in the absence of the extract.