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. 2021 Jun 11;11(6):1544. doi: 10.3390/nano11061544

Table 4.

Examples of solvents and precursors used to make metal oxide-based nanofibers.

Metal Oxide Precursor Polymer Solvent Diameter, nm
SnO2 SnCl2·2H2O PVA Water:1-propanol:isopropanol 80–400
Tin (IV) acetate PVAc DMF
SnCl2·2H2O PVP; PAN; PVB DMF or DMF:ethanol
SnCl4·5H2O PVA; DI water
In2O3 In(NO3)3·xH2O PVP DMF or DMF:ethanol = 1:1 40–300
InCl3·4H2O DMF
TiO2 TTIP PVP Acetic acid:ethanol 30–500
TTB DMF:ethanol
ZrO2 Zr(AC) PVAc DMF 200
CeO2 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 PVP Water:ethanol 50–1000
Ce(acac)3 Acetone
Ce(NO3)3 PVA Water:ethanol
Ce(CH3COO)3 PEO Water
ZnO Zn(AC)2·H2O PVP Ethanol 50–250
PS-co-acrylics DMSO
PVP DMF
WO3 WCl6 PVP DMF:ethanol 20–250
(NH4)6[H2W12O40]nH2O Water
H2WO4 + H2O2 Ethanol
Co3O4 Co(NO3)2·6H2O PVP DMF:ethanol = 1:1 100–200
CuO Cu(CH3COO)2 PVP Ethanol 70–1400
Cu(CH3COO)2 PVA Water

DMF—dimethylformamide; DMSO—dimethyl sulfoxide; (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6—ceric ammonium nitrate; PS-co-acrylics—poly(styrene–co-acrylonitrile); TTIP—titanium tetraisopropoxide; TTB—titanium tetrabutoxide; Zn(AC)2·H2O—Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O—zinc acetate; Zr(AC)—Zr(C8H12O8)—zirconium acetate.