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. 2021 Jun 11;10(12):2583. doi: 10.3390/jcm10122583

Table 1.

Main clinical studies showing associations of FGF23 level markers of IR and DM.

Population FGF23 Analyte Type of Study Main Finding Ref.
Two independent cohorts of elderlies (964 and 946 subjects) iFGF23 Cross-sectional FGF23 was associated with markers of obesity, MS, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR index. [21]
68 adolescents with simply obesity iFGF23 Cross-sectional FGF23 negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and fasting insulin level. [22]
72 patients with CKD stages 3–5 cFGF23 Cross-sectional FGF23 positively correlated with HOMA-IR and with the number of MS components. IR constituted a risk factor for greater log cFGF23 levels. [24]
1040 community-dwelling adults cFGF23 Cross-sectional community-based Diabetes was prevalent in higher tertiles of FGF23. FGF23 correlated with HOMA-IR and markers of obesity and inflammation in subjects with preserved renal function. [26]
604 patients with CKD stages 2–4 cFGF23 Cross-sectional Positive association between the presence of diabetes and serum FGF23 levels. [27]
780 healthy older men (>60 years) cFGF23 Cross-sectional Elevated FGF23 was associated with diabetes. [28]
1719 normoglycemic participants, 312 with a first degree FHD iFGF23 Cross-sectional Subjects with first-degree FHD presented higher levels of FGF23 accompanied by increases in serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR values. [29]
3756 patients with mild to moderate CKD cFGF23 Multicenter cross-sectional Patients with diabetes had increased FGF23 levels and presented an earlier onset of FGF23 excess. [30]
133 patients with CVD iFGF23 and cFGF23 Cross-sectional Diabetes was more prevalent in the higher tertiles of both iFGF23 and cFGF23 determinations. [31]
39 prediabetes obese patients and 41 age- and BMI-matched normoglycemic group iFGF23 Case/control FGF23 was higher in patients with prediabetes and IR. [33]
10 obese individuals with T2DM, 10 glucose-tolerant obese healthy individuals, and 10 lean subjects. iFGF23 Case/control After euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp, only subjects with DM presented a significant increase in serum FGF23 levels, which correlated with insulin variation. [34]
314 non-CKD obese subjects cFGF23 Cross-sectional FGF23 and HOMA-IR levels were positively correlated. [37]

FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; MS, metabolic syndrome; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IR, insulin resistance; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FHD, family history of diabetes; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVD, cardiovascular disease.