Technology	Application
Biostimulation	Stimulation of the metabolic activities of native microbial communities by the inoculation of specific nutrients.
Bioaccumulation	Active transport and storage of metals within microbial cells due to metabolism (and/or low molecular weight chelating agents/proteins) (bioimmobilization approach).
Biodegradation	Breakdown of organic substances by microorganisms.
Biomobilization	Exploitation of organic acids and metabolites produced by microbes to mobilize metals into a liquid medium by chemical reactions.
Bioimmobilization/Stabilization	Exploitation of microorganisms to inactivate metal toxicity through microbial capability, reducing metal mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity without completely removing them from substrates.
Bioaugmentation	Microbial strain inoculation in the substrates to be remediated.
Volatilization	Process in which certain species of microorganisms transform metallic compounds into gaseous molecules by biomethylation.
Detoxification mediated by microbes	Removal of toxic substances from the environment by microorganisms.
Bioleaching	Exploitation of biological redox reactions, acid secretions, and pH changes to transform metals into soluble states (biomobilization approach).
Biosorption	Association of soluble HMs with the cell wall or the membrane surface of microorganisms through many mechanisms such as complexation, chelation, reduction, and precipitation (bioimmobilization approach).
Bioreactor	Machinery capable of providing a suitable environment for the mass growth of biological organisms.