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. 2021 Jun 12;13(6):2026. doi: 10.3390/nu13062026

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Cyclic GMP levels (A) and Superoxide levels (B) in HUVEC cells, measured after pre-treatment with the oat phenolics and metabolites (1 µM), ferulic acid (FA) isoferulic acid (IFA), dihydroferulic acid (DHFA), FA glucuronide (FAG), DHFA glucuronide (DHFAG), IFA sulfate (IFAS), avenanthramide A (AVN-A) avenanthramide B (AVN-B) avenanthramide C (AVN-C), apocynin (APO, 100 µM) or L-NG-Nitro-Arginine (L-NNA, 100 µM) or controls (CON, vehicle) for 24 h. Data with error bars represent the average ± SEM of 3 independent experiments performed in duplicated for cGMP, and of 4 independent experiments performed in triplicate for Superoxide. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001 vs. control (n = 6 for cGMP and n = 12 for superoxide).