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. 2021 Jun 12;13(6):2026. doi: 10.3390/nu13062026

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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eNOS total protein levels measured in HUVEC pre-treated for 24 h with the un-conjugated oat phenolics (A), sulfate and glucuronide metabolites (B) and avenanthramides (C) at physiologically relevant concentration (1 µM). Controls (CON) Ferulic acid (FA) isoferulic acid (IFA), dihydroferulic acid (DHFA), FA glucuronide (FAG), DHFA glucuronide (DHFAG), IFA sulfate (IFAS), avenanthramide A (AVN-A) avenanthramide B (AVN-B) avenanthramide C (AVN-C) were tested. Apocynin (APO, 100 µM) and L-NG-Nitro-Arginine (L-NNA, 100 µM) Apocynin (100 µM) and L-NNA (100 µM) were used as additional controls (A). Data with error bars represent the average ± SEM of 6 independent experiments and are expressed as phospho-Akt1/ total-Akt1 ratio. Protein levels were normalized against β-actin levels. * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001 vs. control (n = 6).