Table 4:
Physical health SF-12 scores, multinomial treatment results
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group-based income trajectory (ref = Highest) | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p | Coef. | p |
| 1. Lowest to very low | −7.56 | *** | −7.17 | *** | −5.57 | −4.69 | * | |
| 2. Very low to low | −3.86 | *** | −3.36 | *** | −2.30 | −1.68 | ||
| 3. Lowest to middle | −1.46 | −1.16 | −.54 | −.13 | ||||
| 4. Low to very low early | −5.58 | ** | −5.00 | ** | −4.44 | −3.73 | ||
| 5. Low to very low late | −7.54 | *** | −6.88 | *** | −5.43 | *** | −4.57 | *** |
| 6. Low | −4.66 | *** | −4.19 | *** | −3.61 | −3.01 | ** | |
| 7. Middle | −1.35 | * | −1.12 | −1.16 | −1.01 | |||
| Early life characteristics/ Demographics | ||||||||
| -Black (ref = non-Black, non-Latino) | 1.29 | ** | 1.40 | ** | 1.49 | ** | 1.53 | *** |
| -Latino (ref = non-Black, non-Latino) | .57 | .64 | .70 | .63 | ||||
| Non-US native | 1.59 | * | 1.52 | * | 1.44 | 1.44 | * | |
| AFQT-R | .03 | *** | .03 | *** | .02 | .02 | ** | |
| Years of education (centered at 12) | .05 | .04 | .04 | .04 | ||||
| Health limits work | −2.59 | ** | −2.53 | * | −1.88 | −1.97 | * | |
| Mother not HS grad | −1.09 | ** | −1.11 | ** | −.86 | * | −.82 | * |
| Below poverty line | −.10 | −.13 | −.09 | .05 | ||||
| Did not live with both parents | .50 | .60 | .60 | .58 | ||||
| Family and household mechanisms, age 50 | ||||||||
| -Married (ref = never-married) | .54 | .57 | .47 | |||||
| -Divorced (ref = never-married) | −.90 | −.63 | −.68 | |||||
| -Widowed (ref = never-married) | −1.38 | −.94 | −1.03 | |||||
| Household size | −.02 | −.05 | −.05 | |||||
| Net worth (logged) | 1.10 | .42 | .31 | |||||
| Health behavior and health status mechanisms, age 50 | ||||||||
| Body Mass Index (centered at 25) | −.23 | *** | −.23 | *** | ||||
| R is a smoker | −1.36 | ** | −1.20 | ** | ||||
| Binge drank <1x/week in last month (ref = none in last month) | 1.65 | ** | 1.53 | *** | ||||
| Binge drank ≥1x/week in last month (ref = none in last month) | 1.16 | ** | 1.24 | ** | ||||
| Sleep hours on weekdays (centered at 7) |
1.10 | *** | 1.10 | *** | ||||
| Unable to/never engages in physical activity for >10 min | −4.50 | *** | −4.50 | *** | ||||
| Lacks health insurance | 1.35 | ** | .13 | *** | ||||
| Mental health SF-12 score | .15 | *** | −.23 | *** | ||||
| Job benefits and strains mechanisms, age 50 | ||||||||
| Experienced unemployment, ages 25–49 | −1.13 | *** | ||||||
| Experienced unemployment X Total weeks unemployed, ages 25–49 (standardized) | −.33 | |||||||
| Average hours employed per week, ages 25–49 (centered at 40) | −.01 | |||||||
| Employer provides access to retirement plan | .86 | * | ||||||
| Likes current/most recent job fairly well (ref = likes very much) | −.55 | |||||||
| Dislikes somewhat (ref = likes very much) | −.85 | |||||||
| Dislikes very much (ref = likes very much) | −3.04 | * | ||||||
| Constant | 51.53 | *** | 33.37 | *** | 39.34 | *** | 41.93 | *** |
| ln(∂) | 2.15 | *** | 2.14 | *** | 2.08 | *** | 2.08 | *** |
| Λ(Lowest to very low) | −.66 | −.62 | .08 | .07 | ||||
| Λ(Very low to low) | .65 | .63 | .30 | .21 | ||||
| Λ(Lowest to middle) | −1.58 | * | −1.64 | ** | −1.08 | −1.02 | ||
| Λ(Low to Very low early) | −1.52 | * | −1.52 | * | −.49 | −.42 | ||
| Λ(Low to Very low late) | −.02 | −.11 | −.03 | −.03 | ||||
| Λ(Low) | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.41 | 1.31 | ||||
| Λ(Middle) | −.63 | −.62 | .09 | .20 | ||||
| ∂ | 8.57 | 8.53 | 7.91 | 8.00 | ||||
Note: Reference group is steady highest income.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001, two tailed hypothesis tests.
First stage (selection) regression results not shown.