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. 2021 Jun 12;10(6):1484. doi: 10.3390/cells10061484

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of XN on VEGF and TGF-β release from PMA-stimulated cells. The A549 cells were pre-incubated with the indicated concentrations of XN for 4 h and then co-incubated in the presence of PMA for 24 h. Following the treatment, the concentration of VEGF (a) and TGF-β (b) in the supernatants was assessed using the ELISA assay. The results are presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 in comparison to the PMA-only treatment, ### p < 0.001 in comparison to the non-stimulated cells; one-way ANOVA test.