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. 2021 Jun 25;87(14):e02959-20. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02959-20

FIG 1.

FIG 1

Bacteria use many pathways to form acetate and ATP during fermentation, but none are reported to use the SCACT/SCS pathway. Pathways for forming acetate and ATP from (A) acetyl-CoA and (B) acetyl-CoA or acetyl phosphate. (C) Reported use of pathways by domain. Pathways that form acetate without ATP (e.g., acetyl-CoA hydrolase; EC 3.1.2.1) are not included. The PTA/AK pathway can use both PTA and AK, or it can use AK alone. Enzymes: 1, succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase (SCACT; EC 2.8.3.18); 2, succinyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming) (SCS; EC 6.2.1.5); 3, acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming) (ACS [ADP]; EC 6.2.1.13); 4, acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS [AMP]; EC 6.2.1.1); 5, butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase (BCACT; EC 2.8.3.8); 6, phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB; EC 2.3.1.19); 7, butyrate kinase (BK; EC 2.7.2.7); 8, phosphotransacetylase (PTA; EC 2.3.1.8); and 9, acetate kinase (AK; EC 2.7.2.1). For bacteria, see reference 52 for the ACS (ADP) pathway, reference 53 for the ACS (AMP) pathway, references 54 and 55 for the BCACT/PTB/BK pathway, and reference 7 for the PTA/AK pathway. For eukaryotes, see references 9 and 56 for the SCACT/SCS pathway, references 57 and 58 for the ACS (ADP) pathway, reference 59 for the ACS (AMP) pathway, and references 60 and 61 for the PTA/AK pathway. For archaea, see references 62 and 63 for the ACS (ADP) pathway. Abbreviations: ACS (ADP), acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming); ACS (AMP), acetyl-CoA synthetase; AK, acetate kinase; BCACT, butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase; BK, butyrate kinase; CoA, coenzyme A; P, phosphate; Pi, inorganic phosphate; PPi, pyrophosphate; PTA, phosphotransacetylase; PTB, phosphotransbutyrylase; SCACT, succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase; and SCS, succinyl-CoA synthetase (ADP forming).