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. 2021 Jun 14;11(6):881. doi: 10.3390/biom11060881

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Circulating biomarkers of vulnerable plaques and their interplay in the intima of the coronary artery. LDL migrates from blood to plaque, where it goes through series of modifications. By binding to LOX-1, oxLDL activates and upregulates the production of MMP-9, whereas shedding of the LOX-1 receptor allows its peripheral blood detection. The complex between NGAL and MMP-9 results in extended proteolytic activity of MMP-9. Lp-PLA2 is responsible for hydrolysis of ox-PL on LDL particles and subsequent release of proinflammatory lipids. MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9; NGAL: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; sLOX-1: soluble part of the Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1; Ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; Ox-PL: oxidized phospholipids; Lp-PLA2: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; LDL(-): electronegative low-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; miRNA-100: microRNA-100; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA.