Table 2.
Change in body composition, biochemical, dietary and lifestyle factors according to different genetic risk scores.
| GRSFLI | GRSOWL | GRSMRI | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <9 | ≥9 | <10 | ≥10 | <4 | ≥4 | |
| n | 30 | 40 | 29 | 41 | 31 | 39 |
| Body composition | ||||||
| Mean | 6.0 (1.6) | 9.6 (3.9) | 7.0 (1.5) | 11.7 (1.4) | 2.0 (0.8) | 4.9 (1.0) |
| ΔWeight (kg) | −10.6 (−15.8; −6.9) | −8.4 (−10.7; −5.0) * | −9.5 (−12.4; −6.4) | −8.6 (−12; −6.4) | −9.6 (−16.9; −8.2) | −7.6 (−11.2; −4.9) * |
| ΔBMI (kg/m2) | −3.6 (−5.1; −2.4) | −2.9 (−3.7; −1.6) * | −3.3 (−4.7; −2.2) | −3.2 (−4.1; −2.2) | −3.5 (−5.6; −2.9) | −2.8 (−3.8; −1.6) * |
| ΔWC (cm) | −11.7 (6.5) | −7.6 (5.6) ** | −9.1 (6.4) | −9.5 (6.3) | −11.0 (5.2) | −8.0 (6.8) * |
| ΔDXA VAT (kg) | −0.8 (−1.2; −0.4) | −0.9 (−1.5; −0.4) | −1.0 (−1.5; −0.4) | −0.8 (−1.5; −3.2) | −1.0 (−1.5; −0.6) | −0.7 (−1.67; −0.2) |
| Biochemical parameters | ||||||
| ΔTG (mg/dL) | −42.0 (−100.0; −18.0) | −15.0 (−56.0; 4.0) * | −32.0 (−68; 0) | −22.5 (−58.5; −0.5) | −46.0 (−102.0; −5.0) | −18.0 (−45.0; 1.0) * |
| ΔGlucose (mg/dL) | −8.6 (11.0) | −10.2 (12.4) | −9.8 (13.6) | −9.3 (10.4) | −9.2 (11.0) | −9.8 (12.5) |
| ΔInsulin (U/mL) | −7.4 (7.1) | −4.9 (8.0) | −6.2 (8.7) | −5.9 (7.0) | −6.7 (7.4) | −5.4 (8.0) |
| ΔHOMA-IR | −2.0 (−3.2; −0.2) | −1.6 (−3.3; −0.2) | −1.9 (−3.2; −0.2) | −1.8 (−3.2; −0.6) | −2.3 (−3.2; −1.0) | −1.5 (−3.2; −0.1) |
| ΔTyG index | −0.6 (0.4) | −0.2 (0.4) ** | −0.4 (0.3) | −0.4 (0.5) | −0.5 (0.5) | −0.3 (0.3) |
| ΔAdiponectin (μg/mL) | 1.5 (0.1; 4.7) | 1.2 (−0.9; 3.2) | −0.1 (−0.6; 2.2) | 1.8 (0.1; 3.4) | 1.0 (−0.6; 3.4) | 1.3 (−0.2; 4.1) |
| ΔLeptin (ng/mL) | −11.1 (−21.6; −7.2) | −7.5 (−14.5; −2.9) * | −9.5 (−15.8; −7.0) | −7.5 (−20.0; −3.0) | −9.1 (−15.8; −6.7) | −9.1 (−20.0; −3.0) |
| ΔFGF21 (pg/mL) | −9.1 (−123.0; 80.0) | −40.5 (−146.5; 95.5) | −41.7 (−132; 50) | −0.8 (−123; 88) | −55.4 (−217; 45) | 12.0 (−64.2; 97) * |
| ΔFLI (%) | −54.5 (19.7) | −22.6 (17.9) *** | −33.7 (21.8) | −38.4 (26.2) | −41.1 (25.3) | −32.9 (23.5) |
| ΔMRI Liver fat—Dixon (%) | −2.7 (−6.8; −0.7) | −2.7 (−6.8; −1.2) | −4.3 (−8; −0.8) | −3.4 (−6.8; −1.2) | −4.5 (−7.8; −2.5) | −1.6 (−4.2; −0.2) *** |
| Δ Lipidomic (OWLiver®-test) n (%) | ||||||
| OWL® maintenance | 19 (63.3) | 28 (71.7) | 13 (44.8) | 34 (85.0) *** | 17 (56.6) | 30 (76.9) |
| OWL® reduction | 11 (36.6) | 11 (28.2) | 16 (55.1) | 6 (15.0) | 13 (43.3) | 9 (23.0) |
| Dietary intake per day | ||||||
| ΔTotal energy (kcal) | −882 (−1261; −88) | −523 (−1099; −101) | −589 (−987; −132) | −603 (−1175; 44) | −881 (−1257; −308) | −479 (−1009; 66) |
| ΔCarbohydrates (%) | −1.3 (10.0) | −0.7 (8.7) | −1.9 (8.2) | −0.3 (9.9) | −2.0 (9.4) | −0.3 (9.1) |
| ΔProteins (%) | 3.6 (4.3) | 1.9 (5.7) | 2.5 (3.5) | 2.7 (6.1) | 2.9 (6.0) | 2.4 (4.6) |
| ΔFats (%) | −0.7 (−6.2; 4.5) | −2.1 (−9.1; 5.1) | −0.2 (−5.2; 5.2) | −1.8 (−10.1; 4.8) | −2.6 (−8.3; 4.1) | −1.4 (−9.8; 5.8) |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| ΔMedDiet Score | 6.3 (3.1) | 5.7 (3.4) | 5.7 (3.2) | 6.1 (3.4) | 6.5 (3.3) | 5.5 (3.3) |
| ΔPA (METs min/week) | 758 (−217; 2405) | 1215 (−120; 2798) | 896 (73; 2798) | 1111 (−753; 2405) | 984 (−65; 2357) | 1046 (−557; 2817) |
Variables are shown as mean (SD) or as median (IQR) according to its distribution. Categorical variables are presented as absolute (n). Independent samples t-tests and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney were carried out to compare variables changes according to the median of GRSFLI < 9 and GRSFLI ≥ 9, GRSMRI < 4 and GRSMRI ≥ 4 and GRSOWL < 10 and GRSOWL ≥ 10. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. BMI, body mass index; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; %E, percentage of energy; FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21; FLI, fatty liver index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; OWL®; OWLiver®-test; PA, physical activity; TG, triglycerides; TyG index, triglycerides and glucose index; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; WC, waist circumference.