Table 11.
Covariate-adjusted mean within-patient change in outcomes by group.
| Outcome | Digital medicinea, mean (SE) | Usual care, mean (SE) | Difference (95% CI) | P value |
| Fasting glucose | –17.4 (2.7) | 1.1 (2.5) | –18.5 (–25.7 to –11.2) | <.001 |
| HbA1cb,c | –0.38 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.05) | –0.41 (–0.54 to –0.27) | <.001 |
| Total cholesterol | –5.8 (1.2) | –3.8 (1.6) | –2.0 (–6.0 to 1.9) | .31 |
| HDLd cholesterol | 1.6 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.5 to 2.1) | .002 |
| LDLe cholesterol | –4.9 (2.2) | 2.5 (2.7) | –7.5 (–14.4 to –0.5) | .04 |
| Triglycerides | –6.7 (3.2) | 5.1 (6.6) | –11.8 (–26.4 to 2.7) | .11 |
| BMI | –0.25 (0.06) | –0.30 (0.08) | 0.05 (–0.14 to 0.25) | .59 |
| Systolic BPf | –0.40 (0.38) | 0.53 (0.41) | –0.93 (–2.03 to 0.17) | .10 |
| Diastolic BP | –0.86 (0.22) | –0.10 (0.23) | –0.76 (–1.38 to –0.14) | .02 |
aAll models incorporate covariates for patient age, sex, and race.
bHbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
cModel for HbA1c incorporated additional covariates for baseline fasting glucose and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate.
dHDL: high-density lipoprotein.
eLDL: low-density lipoprotein.
fBP: blood pressure.