Table 2.
Characteristics of 114 patients * living with HIV/AIDS diagnosed as having histoplasmosis in Europe.
| Characteristic | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Median age, years (range) | 37 (2–63) |
| Males | 73 (64) |
| Previously known HIV infection | 37 (32.4) |
| Histoplasmosis indicating HIV infection | 40 (35.1) |
| Time of HIV diagnosis unknown | 37 (32.4) |
| Median latency, months (range) | 66 (1–420) |
| Median CD4+ cells/μL | 17 (0–594) |
| Area of suspected Histoplasma exposure | |
| Central/South America § | 55 (50) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa ^ | 47 (42.7) |
| Asia # | 6 (5.5) |
| United States/Mexico | 1 (0.9) |
| Europe | 1 (0.9) |
| Not reported | 4 (3.5) |
| Country of diagnosis | |
| Spain | 56 (49.1) |
| France | 22 (19.3) |
| Italy | 14 (12.3) |
| Switzerland, The Netherlands | 6 (5.2) |
| United Kingdom | 4 (3.5) |
| Portugal | 2 (1.7) |
| Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany | 1 (0.9) |
| Histoplasma species | |
| H. capsulatum | 80 (70.2) |
| H. duboisii | 20 (17.5) |
| Histoplasma spp. | 14 (12.3) |
| Concomitant infections/neoplasia | 33 (28.9) |
| Fungal | |
| Oral candidiasis | 8 (24.4) |
| Oesophageal candidiasis | 2 (6.1) |
| PJP | 5 (15.1) |
| Cryptococcosis | 2 (6.1) |
| Coccidioidomycosis | 1 (3.0) |
| Bacterial | |
| Tuberculosis | 2 (6.1) |
| MAC | 3 (9.1) |
| Salmonella bacteremia | 1 (3.0) |
| Protozoal | |
| Chagas disease | 1 (3.0) |
| Isopsoriasis | 1 (3.0) |
| Helminthic | |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 3 (9.1) |
| Neoplasia | |
| Kaposi’s sarcoma | 3 (9.1) |
| Multiple | 8 (7.0) |
| Methods of diagnosis | |
| Histology + culture | 32 (28.1) |
| Culture + PCR | 19 (16.7) |
| Histology | 16 (14.0) |
| Culture | 14 (12.3) |
| Histology + PCR | 13 (11.4) |
| Histology + culture + PCR | 7 (6.1) |
| Histology + culture + blood smear | 5 (4.4) |
| Histology + PCR | 2 (1.7) |
| PCR | 3 (2.6) |
| Histology + PCR + blood smear | 1 (0.9) |
| Autopsy | 2 (1.7) |
| Treatment | |
| L-AMB, itraconazole | 30 (38) |
| d-AMB, itraconazole | 12 (15.2) |
| Itraconazole | 14 (12.7) |
| L-AMB | 8 (10.1) |
| L-AMB, voriconazole or posaconazole | 3 (3.8) |
| ABLC, itraconazole, fluconazole | 3 (3.8) |
| Fluconazole | 3 (3.8) |
| ABLC | 2 (2.5) |
| d-AMB | 2 (2.5) |
| Not treated | 2 (2.5) |
| Not reported | 35 |
| Outcome | |
| Survived | 60 (75.9) |
| Died | 19 (24.1) |
| Not reported | 35 |
* Including our case report. PJP: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; MAC: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare; PCR—polymerase chain reaction; L-AMB—liposomal amphotericin B; d-AMB—deoxycholate amphotericin B; ABLC—amphotericin B lipid complex. § 16 Ecuador; 7 Colombia; 5 Brazil; 3 French Guiana, Bolivia, Peru, Suriname; 2 Venezuela, Paraguay; 1 Cuba, Haiti, Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago, Nicaragua, Panama, Dutch Antilles. ^ 9 Ghana; 7 Ivory Coast; 5 Cameroon; 4 Senegal, Nigeria; 3 Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo; 2 Equatorial Guinea, Liberia; 1 Togo, Tanzania, Guinea–Conakry. # 2 Cambodia, Thailand; 1 Malaysia.