Table 2.
Final chemical analysis of fermentations from Tempranillo red grapes: S. bayanus alone (SB); coinoculation of S. bayanus and O. oeni (SB × OE); coinoculation of S. bayanus and L. plantarum (SB × LP); sequential fermentation with S. bayanus and O. oeni after alcoholic fermentation (SB…OE); sequential fermentation with S. bayanus and L. thermotolerans during alcoholic fermentation (LT..SB); sequential fermentation with S. bayanus and L. thermotolerans during alcoholic fermentation, followed by O. oeni after alcoholic fermentation (LT..SB…OE); coinoculation of L. thermotolerans and O. oeni, followed by S. bayanus (LT × OE..SB); and coinoculation of L. thermotolerans and L. plantarum, followed by S. bayanus (LT × LP..SB). The initial studied characteristics of the must before alcoholic fermentation were: sugar concentration 260 g/L, pH = 3.88, primary amino nitrogen = 256 mg/L, ammonia nitrogen = 21 mg/L, malic acid = 0.86 g/L, and lactic and acetic acid were below 0.1 g/L.
| SB | SB × OE | SB × LP | SB…OE | LT..SB | LT..SB…OE | LT × OE..SB | LT × LP..SB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| l-Lactic acid (g/L) | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.52 ± 0.06 b | 0.42 ± 0.04 b | 0.49 ± 0.03 b | 2.44 ± 0.05 c | 2.85 ± 0.09 d | 2.91 ± 0.12 d | 2.88 ± 0.10 d |
| l-Malic acid (g/L) | 0.74 ± 0.03 c | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.65 ± 0.04 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a |
| Acetic acid (g/L) | 0.42 ± 0.02 a | 0.58 ± 0.04 b | 0.44 ± 0.02 a | 0.51 ± 0.03 b | 0.40 ± 0.03 a | 0.48 ± 0.03 ab | 0.53 ± 0.05 b | 0.43 ± 0.04 a |
| pH | 3.91 ± 0.01 c | 3.97 ± 0.01 d | 3.96 ± 0.01 d | 3.98 ± 0.01 d | 3.67 ± 0.01 a | 3.74 ± 0.02 b | 3.75 ± 0.03 b | 3.72 ± 0.02 b |
| Ethanol (% v/v) | 15.24 ± 0.11 c | 14.91 ± 0.20 b | 15.11 ± 0.18 c | 15.17 ± 0.20 c | 14.81 ± 0.22 b | 14.78 ± 0.24 b | 14.55 ± 0.21 a | 14.80 ± 0.19 b |
| Residual sugar (g/L) | 1.34 ± 0.21 b | 0.11 ± 0.06 a | 1.55 ± 0.31 b | 0.09 ± 0.05 a | 1.62 ± 0.29 b | 0.13 ± 0.11 a | 0.13 ± 0.09 a | 1.68 ± 0.31 b |
| Glycerol (g/L) | 8.21 ± 0.12 a | 8.24 ± 0.25 ab | 8.16 ± 0.19 a | 8.19 ± 0.21 a | 8.72 ± 0.22 b | 8.76 ± 0.25 b | 8.78 ± 0.27 b | 8.71 ± 0.21 b |
Results are mean ± SD of three replicates. Means in same row with same letter were not significantly different (p < 0.05).