Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1)/MG-H1/PD-L1 axis contributes to the refractoriness of mPCa to the anti-PD-L1 therapy by Atezolizumab (Atz). DU145 and PC3 cells were co-cultured with CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and exposed to 10 µg/mL Atz and control IgG isotype. (a) CD8+ apoptosis was evaluated by active caspase-3 expression, with a specific ELISA kit, (b) CD8+ cell number was measured by cell counting, (c) DU-145 and PC3 cell apoptosis was evaluated by measuring active caspase-3 expression by a specific ELISA kit, (d) Glo1 mRNA levels, and specific activity were evaluated by RT-qPCR and spectrophotometrically; (e) MG-H1 intracellular levels were measured by a specific ELISA kit, while (f) PD-L1 expression was evaluated at mRNA level and protein level by RT-qPCR and a specific ELISA kit, respectively. The histograms indicate mean ± SD of three different cultures, and each was tested in duplicate. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.