Table 1.

Antiviral potent of Cistus extracts.

Cistus Species	Collection Area	Part of Plant	Type of Extract	Viruses	Technique	Concentration µg/mL	% of Inhibition	Mechanism	References
C. incanus PANDALIS	Northern Greece	ND	CYSTUS052 solved in sterile PBS and sterile H2O	H7N7	Cell culture and mouse infection model	10,000	90%	Binding with virus and prevent adsorption to cells	[121]
C. incanus PANDALIS	Northern Greece	ND	CYSTUS052 solved in sterile PBS	H1N1 H7N7 H5N1	Cell culture and plaque titration of progeny virus	50	Maximum reduction in the order of two logs	Interaction of CYSTUS052 components with viral protein surface and block binding to cellular receptors	[122]
C. incanus CYSTUS052®® and Cystus®®	Northern Greece Germany	ND	Aqueous extract and Polyphenol-enriched fraction	HIV Ebola virus Marburg virus	Cell culture and EASY-HIT technology for identification of HIV inhibitors	100	More than 80%	Blocking the viral gp120-mediated binding of virus protein to heparin and prevent primary attachment to host cells	[123]
C. laurifolius	Kurtboğazı, Ankara, Turkey	Leaves	Ethanolic Extract and its fractions	HSV-1 PI-3	Cell culture and Maximum cytopathogenic effect.	512	Not determined most activity with hexane (32 µg/mL MNTC)	ND	[126]
C. creticus	Northern Crete	Labdanum resin	Diethyl ether and its fractions	Dengue virus	Cell culture and MTT-test	31.25	100%	Based on literature: neuraminidase inhabiting and blocking viral proteins to prevent infection of host cells	[125]

ND: Not determined; H7N7: Avian influenza virus A/FPV/Bratislava/79; H1N1: Human influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34; H5N1: Human influenza isolate A/Thailand/1(KAN-1)/2004; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HSV-1: Human alphaherpesvirus 1; PI-3:Parainfluenza type 3.