ASCs	Adult stem cells
A-MSCs	Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells
aNPs	Albumin nanoparticles
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
BM-MSCs	Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
BMP	Bone morphogenetic protein
BSP	Bone sialoprotein
CDPSCs	Carious dental pulp stem cells
EpiSC	Dental epithelial stem cells
DFCs	Dental follicle cells
DFSCs	Dental follicle stem cells
DPSCs	Dental pulp stem cells
SCCD	Dental pulp stem cells from carious deciduous teeth
DSCs	Dental stem cells
DMP1	Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1
DPCs	Dental pulp cells
DSPP	Dentin sialophosphoprotein
DLX3	Distal-less homeobox 3
DLX4	Distal-less homeobox 4
ESCs	Embryonic stem cells
ECs	Endothelial cells
EM	Erythrocyte membrane
ERK1/2	Extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2
FGF	Fibroblast growth factor
G-MSCs	Gingival mesenchymal stem cells
HGF	Hepatocyte growth factor
HERS/ERM	Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath/epithelial rests of Malassez
hTERT	Human telomerase reverse transcriptase
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
HIFs	Hypoxia-inducible factors
iMSCs	Induced pluripotent stem cells derived mesenchymal stem cells
iPSCs	Induced pluripotent stem cells
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor-1
Klf4	Kruppel like factor 4
LLLT/I	Low-level laser therapy/ irradiation
MEPE	Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein
MSCs	Mesenchymal stem cells
mtDNA	Mitochondrial DNA
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
Oct3/4	Octamer-binding transcription factors 3/4
OCN	Osteocalcin
OPN	Osteopontin
OPG	Osteoprotegerin
OSX	Osterix
PAX9	Paired box gene 9
PCy-MSCs	Periapical cyst-mesenchymal stem cells
PDLSCs	Periodontal ligament stem cells
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PDGFs	Platelet-derived growth factors
PSCs	Pluripotent stem cells
PDLSCs	Primary periodontal ligament stem cells
rhBMP7	Recombinant human bone morphogenic protein 7
RUNX2	Runt-related transcription factor 2
SMC	Smooth muscle cells
Sox2	SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2
SSEA	Stage-specific embryonic antigens
SHED	Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth
SCAP	Stem cells from the apical papilla
SDF-1α	Stromal-derived factor-1α
TGSCs	Tooth germ stem cells
TGF-β	Transforming group factors-beta
UC-MSCs	Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
WJ-MSCs	Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells