Table 5.
Total of publications giving information about the effects of (5a) “maintenance with inhalant agents”, (5b) “maintenance with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)” and (5c) “maintenance with TIVA versus inhalant agents” on the recovery phase.
| LoE and Topic | References |
|---|---|
| (5a) LoE inhalant agents | |
| 1 | (1) Clinical anaesthesia in the horse: Comparison of enflurane and halothane [131] (2) Actions of isoflurane and halothane in pregnant mares [132] (3) Comparison of recoveries from halothane vs isoflurane anesthesia in horses [133] (4) The recovery of horses from inhalant anesthesia: A comparison of halothane and isoflurane [134] (5) Is isoflurane safer than halothane in equine anaesthesia? Results from a prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial [135] (6) Differences in need for hemodynamic support in horses anesthetized with sevoflurane as compared to isoflurane [136] (7) Comparison of hemodynamic, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal motility effects and recovery characteristics of anesthesia with isoflurane and halothane in horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery [137] (8) A comparison of recovery times and characteristics with sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia in horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging [138] (9) Desflurane and sevoflurane elimination kinetics and recovery quality in horses [139] |
| 2 | (10) Recovery from anaesthesia in ponies: A comparative study of the effects of isoflurane, enflurane, methoxyflurane and halothane [140] (11) Isoflurane anesthesia for equine colic surgery. Comparison with halothane anesthesia [141] (12) Cardiorespiratory effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia in horses [142] (13) Clinical comparison of medetomidine with isoflurane or sevoflurane for anesthesia in horses [143] |
| 3 | / |
| 4 | (14) A study of the use of methoxyflurane general anesthesia in the horse [144] (15) Influence of a clinical anaesthesia-technique (premedication with tranquillizers and atropine, induction with chloralhydrate, maintenance with halothane in a closed circle system) on liver function tests in the horse [145] (16) Clinical experiences with isoflurane in dogs and horses [146] (17) Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and physical response to sevoflurane inhalation in horses [147] (18) Sevoflurane and oxygen anaesthesia following administration of atropine-xylazine-guaifenesin-thiopental in spontaneously breathing horses [148] (19) Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of sevoflurane anesthesia in horses [149] (20) Anesthetic potency of desflurane in the horse: Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration [150] (21) Maintenance of anaesthesia with sevoflurane and oxygen in mechanically-ventilated horses subjected to exploratory laparotomy treated with intra- and post operative anaesthetic adjuncts [151] (22) Perioperative plasma cortisol concentration in the horse [152] (23) Romifidine-ketamine-halothane anesthesia in horses [153] (24) Anesthetic management with sevoflurane and oxygen for orthopedic surgeries in racehorses [154] (25) Anesthesia in Caspian ponies [155] (26) Validation of the bispectral index as an indicator of anesthetic depth in Thoroughbred horses anesthetized with sevoflurane [156] |
| 5 | (27) The modification and performance of a large animal anesthesia machine (Tafonius®) in order to deliver Xenon to a horse [157] |
| Total inhalant agents publications = 27 | |
| (5b) LoE TIVA | |
| 1 | (1) Guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia for castration in ponies—a comparative study with two different doses of ketamine [158] (2) Comparison of four drug combinations for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis [159] (3) Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in horses [160] (4) Evaluation of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or ketamine-medetomidine-propofol combination in horses [161] (5) Comparison of 3 total intravenous anesthetic infusion combinations in adult horses [162] (6) Evaluation of cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol or a combination of ketamine-medetomidine-propofol in horses [163] (7) Comparison of ketamine and S(+)-ketamine, with romifidine and diazepam, for total intravenous anesthesia in horses [164] (8) Anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of propofol at 10% for induction and 1% for maintenance of anaesthesia in horses [165] (9) Short-term anaesthesia with xylazine, diazepam/ketamine for castration in horses under field conditions: Use of intravenous lidocaine [166] (10) Anaesthetic evaluation of ketamine/propofol in acepromazine- xylazine premedicated horses [167] (11) Comparison of ketamine and alfaxalone for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing castration [168] (12) Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of propofol, medetomidine, lidocaine and butorphanol total intravenous anesthesia in horses [169] (13) Cardiorespiratory and antinociceptive effects of two different doses of lidocaine administered to horses during a constant intravenous infusion of xylazine and ketamine [170] (14) Effects of dexmedetomidine and xylazine on cardiovascular function during total intravenous anaesthesia with midazolam and ketamine and recovery quality and duration in horses [171] (15) Continuous maintenance anaesthesia using guaifenesin or diazepam combined with xylazine and ketamine in horses [172] (16) Evaluation of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol-guaifenesin-medetomidine and alfaxalone-guaifenesin-medetomidine in Thoroughbred horses undergoing castration [173] (17) Alfaxalone for maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing field castration: Continuous infusion compared with intravenous boluses [174] (18) Cardiopulmonary effects and recovery characteristics of horses anesthetized with xylazine-ketamine with midazolam or propofol [175] (19) Total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine, medetomidine and guaifenesin compared with ketamine, medetomidine and midazolam in young horses anaesthetised for computerised tomography [176] |
| 2 | (20) Total intravenous anaesthesia in the horse with propofol [177] (21) The stress response to anaesthesia in ponies: Barbiturate anaesthesia [178] (22) Intravenous anaesthesia in hoses: Racemic ketamine versus S-(+)-ketamine [179] (23) Tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in horses: Repeated dose versus continuous infusion [180] |
| 3 | / |
| 4 | (24) Anesthesia by injection of xylazine, ketamine and the benzodiazepine derivative climazolam and the use of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15–3505 [181] (25) Prolongation of anesthesia with xylazine, ketamine, and guaifenesin in horses: 64 cases (1986–1989) [182] (26) Clinical evaluation of an infusion of xylazine, guaifenesin and ketamine for maintenance of anaesthesia in horses [183] (27) A case report on the use of guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine anesthesia for equine dystocia [184] (28) Total intravenous anaesthesia in ponies using detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin: Pharmacokinetics, cardiopulmonary and endocrine effects [185] (29) Physiologic effects of anesthesia induced and maintained by intravenous administration of a climazolam-ketamine combination in ponies premedicated with acepromazine and xylazine [186] (30) Romifidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin continual infusion anaesthesia: Some experiences of its use under field conditions [187] (31) Guaifenesin-ketamine-detomidine anesthesia for castration of ponies [188] (32) Detomidine-propofol anesthesia for abdominal surgery in horses [189] (33) Investigations into injection anesthesia (TIVA) of the horse with ketamine/guaifenesin/xylazin: Experiences with computerized pump infusion [190] (34) Anaesthetic compound and its application in general anaesthesia of horses [191] (35) Cardiopulmonary effects of prolonged anesthesia via propofol-medetomidine infusion in ponies [192] (36) Infusion of a combination of propofol and medetomidine for long-term anesthesia in ponies [193] (37) Intravenous anaesthesia using detomidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin for laparotomy in pregnant pony mares [194] (38) Propofol anaesthesia for surgery in late gestation pony mares [195] (39) Assessment of a medetomidine/propofol total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) for clinical anaesthesia in equidae [196] (40) Practical experiences and clinical parameters in a xylazine-ketamine-anaesthesia of horses [197] (41) Medetomidine-ketamine anaesthesia induction followed by medetomidine-propofol in ponies: Infusion rates and cardiopulmonary side effects [198] (42) Propofol-ketamine anesthesia for internal fixation of fractures in racehorses [199] (43) Total intravenous anaesthesia in horses using medetomidine and propofol [200] (44) Anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of total intravenous anesthesia using a midazolam, ketamine and medetomidine drug combination in horses [201] (45) Alfaxalone in cyclodextrin for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing field castration [202] (46) Pharmacokinetic profile in relation to anaesthesia characteristics after a 5% micellar microemulsion of propofol in the horse [203] (47) Evaluation of cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical effects, and anesthetic induction and recovery behavior in horses anesthetized with a 5% micellar microemulsion propofol formulation [204] (48) Clinical evaluation of total intravenous anesthesia using a combination of propofol and medetomidine following anesthesia induction with medetomidine, guaifenesin and propofol for castration in Thoroughbred horses [205] (49) Evaluation of a midazolam-ketamine-xylazine infusion for total intravenous anesthesia in horses [206] (50) Alfaxalone and medetomidine intravenous infusion to maintain anaesthesia in colts undergoing field castration [207] (51) Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of S-ketamine for intravenous general anaesthesia in horses undergoing field castration [208] (52) Cardiovascular effects of total intravenous anesthesia using ketamine-medetomidine-propofol (KMP-TIVA) in horses undergoing surgery [209] (53) Cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of combined alfaxalone, butorphanol, and medetomidine in Thoroughbred horses [210] (54) Total intravenous anesthesia using a midazolam-ketamine-xylazine infusion in horses: 46 cases (2011–2014) [211] (55) Alfaxalone for total intravenous anaesthesia in horses [212] |
| 5 | / |
| Total TIVA publications = 55 | |
| (5c) LoE TIVA vs. inhalant agents | |
| 1 | (1) Cardiovascular effects of surgical castration during anaesthesia maintained with halothane or infusion of detomidine, ketamine and guaifenesin in ponies [213] (2) Cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine and ketamine infusions with either propofol infusion or isoflurane for anesthesia in horses [214] |
| 2 | (3) Cardiorespiratory, endocrine and metabolic changes in ponies undergoing intravenous or inhalation anaesthesia [215] |
| Total TIVA versus inhalants publications = 3 | |
LoE: level of evidence. TIVA: total intravenous anaesthesia.