Table 12.
Total of: (12a) “case series” and (12b) “case reports” giving information about the recovery period, mainly complications that may happen during this phase.
| (12a) Case series, LoE = 4 | References |
| Aspiration pneumonitis | (1) Aspiration pneumonitis (Mendelson’s syndrome) as perianaesthetic complication occurring in two horses: A case report [397] |
| Behaviour during recovery from GA | (2) The behaviour of horses recovering from anaesthesia [398] |
| Guttural pouch mycosis | (3) Treatment of guttural pouch mycosis [399] (4) Potential for iatrogenic coil embolization of the caudal cerebellar artery during treatment of internal carotid artery bifurcation in two horses with guttural pouch mycosis [400] |
| Post-anaesthetic myopathy/neuropathy | (5) Post-anaesthetic forelimb lameness in horses [401] (6) Postanesthetic hind limb adductor myopathy in five horses [402] (7) Femoral nerve paralysis after general anaesthesia [403] (8) The incidence of post-anaesthetic myopathy with the use of a static air mattress [404] (9) Transient pelvic limb neuropathy following proximal metatarsal and tarsal magnetic resonance imaging in seven horses [405] |
| Pulmonary oedema | (10) Post-anesthetic pulmonary edema in two horses [406] |
| Repetitive injectable anaesthesia | (11) Repetitive injectable anesthesia in a 27-year-old horse [407] |
| Sweating | (12) Unexpected responses following intravenous pethidine injection in two horses [408] |
| Total case series = 12 | |
| (12b) Case reports, LoE = 5 | References |
| Assisted recovery with an Animal Rescue and Transport Sling (ARTS) | (1) Successful treatment of a coxofemoral luxation in a Shetland pony by closed reduction and prolonged immobilization using a full-body Animal Rescue Sling [409] |
| Bladder rupture | (2) Ruptured urinary bladder in a horse [410] |
| Cardiac arrest in recovery | (3) Uterine prolapse in a mare leading to metritis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, septic shock and death [411] (4) Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a sevoflurane anaesthetized horse that suffered cardiac arrest at recovery [412] |
| Coxofemoral luxation | (5) Coxofemoral luxation in a horse during recovery from general anaesthesia [413] |
| Diaphragmatic hernia/rupture | (6) Fatal diaphragmatic rupture during recovery from general anaesthesia in a Standardbred horse [414] (7) Use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in a horse with diaphragmatic hernia [415] (8) Perianesthetic development of diaphragmatic hernia in a horse with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) [416] |
| Epistaxis/Guttural pouch mycosis | (9) Unusual internal carotid artery branching that prevented arterial occlusion with a balloon-tipped catheter in a horse [417] |
| Facial paralysis | (10) Multimodal therapy including electroacupuncture for the treatment of facial nerve paralysis in a horse [418] |
| Incisional dehiscence | (11) Anesthetic management of an incisional dehiscence in recovery following exploratory laparotomy in a horse [419] |
| Laryngeal oedema | (12) Complications associated with the use of the cuffless endotracheal tube in the horse [420] |
| Laryngeal paralysis/dysfunction | (13) Temporary bilateral laryngeal paralysis in a horse associated with general anaesthesia and post anaesthetic myositis [421] (14) Acute life-threatening laryngeal dysfunction in a draft horse recovering from general anesthesia: A case report. [422] |
| Nasotracheal | (15) Broken nasotracheal tube aspiration in a horse during anaesthetic recovery [423] |
| Fractures | (16) Comparison of therapeutic techniques for the treatment of cheek teeth diseases in the horse: Extraction versus repulsion [424] (17) Limb fracture during recovery from general anaesthesia: An often tragic complication of equine anaesthesia [425] (18) Standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging of a comminuted central tarsal bone fracture in a horse [426] |
| Hyperthermia | (19*) Hyperthermia during isoflurane anaesthesia in a horse with suspected hyperkalemic periodic paralysis [427] (20*) Hyperthermia and delayed-onset myopathy after recovery from anesthesia in a horse [428] |
| Malignant hyperthermia | (21) Malignant hyperthermia in a halothane-anesthetized horse [429] (22*) Postanesthetic equine myopathy suggestive of malignant hyperthermia. A case report [430] |
| Post-anaesthetic myelomalacia | (23) Postanesthetic poliomyelomalacia in a horse [431] (24) Hemorrhagic myelomalacia following general anesthesia in a horse [432] (25) Hematomyelia in a colt: A post anesthesia surgery complication [433] (26) Post-anaesthetic myelomalacia in a horse [434] |
| Post-anaesthetic myelopathy | (27) Post-anaesthetic myelopathy in a 3-year-old Friesian gelding [435] (28) Post anaesthetic myelopathy in the horse: A case report [436] |
| Post-anaesthetic myopathy/neuropathy | (22*) Postanesthetic equine myopathy suggestive of malignant hyperthermia. A case report [430] (20*) Hyperthermia and delayed-onset myopathy after recovery from anesthesia in a horse [428] (29) Suspicion of postanesthetic femoral paralysis of the non-dependent limb in a horse [437] |
| Post-anaesthetic myositis | (30) Tracheal reconstruction by resection and end-to-end anastomosis in the horse [438] |
| Post-anaesthetic pleuropneumonia | (31) Pleuropneumonia as a sequela of myelography and general anaesthesia in a Thoroughbred colt [439] |
| Post-anaesthetic pulmonary haemorrhage | (32) Fatal post-anaesthetic pulmonary haemorrhage in a horse suffering from chronic-active exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage [440] |
| Prolonged recovery by HYPP | (33) Postanesthetic recumbency associated with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in a quarter horse [441] (19*) Hyperthermia during isoflurane anesthesia in a horse with suspected hyperkalemic periodic paralysis [427] |
| Prolonged recovery by persistent hypoxaemia | (34) Prolonged recovery from general anesthesia possibly related to persistent hypoxemia in a draft horse [442] |
| Pulmonary oedema | (35) Negative pressure pulmonary edema as a post-anesthetic complication associated with upper airway obstruction in a horse [443] (36) Pulmonary oedema associated with anaesthesia for colic surgery in a horse [444] (37) Suspected air embolism associated with post-anesthetic pulmonary edema and neurologic sequelae in a horse [445] (38) Pulmonary edema at recovery after colic operation with in-situ nasogastric tube in a horse [446] |
| Tracheal rupture | (39) Tracheal rupture following general anaesthesia in a horse [447] |
| Total case reports = 39 |
Abbreviations in alphabetical order: GA, general anaesthesia; HYPP, hyperkaelemic periodic paralysis. *: “case reports” present in two different categories within the same section.