Table 1.
Polymer-based vaginal formulations.
| API(s) | Formulation | Polymer(s) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| --- | bioadhesive tablets | Carbopol®934, pectin, PVP, ethyl anhydrated maleic resins | Baloğlu et al. (2003) [230] |
| --- | dendrimers | SPL7013 BHA.lys15lys16(NHCOCH2O)1-(3,6-naphth(SO3Na)32 (BHA: benzhydrylamine) | Gong et al. (2005) [306] |
| --- | gel | Pluronics® F127 and F68, HPMC chitosan-thioglycolic acid conjugates; polycarbophil, Pluronic F 127 |
Aka-Any-Grah et al. (2010) [213] Friedl et al. (2013) [307] Podaralla et al. (2014) [308] |
| --- | gel-microemulsions | carageenan, xanthan gum | D’Cruz et al. (2001) [309] |
| --- | microparticles | CMC | Kejdušová et al. (2015) [310] |
| --- | mucoadhesive sponges | HEC 250M | Furst et al. (2015) [77] |
| --- | nanoparticles | chitosan, poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate); | Pradines et al. (2015) [311] |
| --- | peptide-derivatized dendrimers | --- | Luganini (2011) [312] |
| --- | tablets | hyaluronic acid | Ekin et al. (2011) [229] |
| 4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA) | film | PVA; HPMC E5 | Zhang et al. (2013) [275] |
| abacavir | bioadhesive film | Alg-Na, HPMC | Ghosal et al. (2014) [289] |
| film | Alg-Na; HPMC E5; HPMC-PVP blend | Ghosal et al. (2014) [289] | |
| acyclovir | in situ gel | poloxamer, carageenan, Carbopol 934p-NF | Liu et al. (2009) [214] |
| insitu forming hydrogel | hyaluronic acid, poloxamer F127 F68 | Mayol et al. (2008) [166] | |
| acyclovir, ciprofloxacin | gel | chitosan citrate | Bonferoni et al. (2008) [208] |
| amoxicilin | hydrogel | PEG-dendrimercrosslinks | Navath et al. (2011) [313] |
| fast-dissolving matrix | PVP | Rossi et al. (2017) [261] | |
| amphotericin B | insitu gel | poloxamer 407, HPCD | Kim et al. (2010) [314] |
| amphotericin, fluconazole | liquid crystal precursor mucoadhesive system | chitosan, poloxamer | Salmazi et al. (2015) [315] |
| arctigenin | liposome-based gel | pH-sensitive liposomes | Chen et al. (2012) [316] |
| baicalein | insitu gel | poloxamer, HPCD | Zhou et al. (2013) [215] |
| benzydamine HCl | tablets | HPMC, Carbopol 940 | Perioli et al. (2011) [228] |
| camptothecin | nanoparticles | PLGA | Blum et al. (2011) [317] |
| chlorhexidine | inserts | chitosan, CMC | Bigucci et al. (2015) [318] |
| chlorhexidine digluconate | freeze-dried polimer complexes | Alg-Na, chitosan | Abruzzo et al. (2013) [319] |
| cisplatin | nanofibersgels, films | PLA, PEO, HPMC, Carbopol | Zong et al. (2015) [320] |
| clindamycin phosphate | bioadhesive system | HPC, xanthan gum | Dobaria and Mashru (2010) [321] |
| clomiphenecitrate | gel | polycarbophil-cysteinę and chitosan-thioglycolic acid conjugates | Cevher et al. (2008) [211] |
| clotrimazole | gel | Pluronic®F127, polycarbophil, Carbopol. HPC, PVP poloxamers 407 and 188 |
Bilensoy et al. (2006) [212] Chang et al. (2002) [322] |
| film | HPC, Alg-Na | Mishra et al. (2016) [323] | |
| nanocapsules | Eudragit RS100 | Santos et al. (2014) [251] | |
| tablets | chitosan, (silicified MCC, potato starch, | Szymańska et al. (2014) [220] | |
| tablets with microspheres | Eudragit RS-100 and RL-100 | Gupta et al. (2013) [219] | |
| clotrimazole, metronidazole | acid-buferring tablet | polycarbophil, HMPC | Alam et al. (2007) [222] |
| coumarin-6 | nanoparticles | PLGA | Cu et al. (2011) [324] |
| CSIC | film | PVA-HPMC K4M blend; PEG 4000 | Gong et al. (2017) [276] |
| dapivirine | film | PVA, HPMC 4000, PEG 8000 PEO, HPC |
Akil et al. (2011) [278] Regev et al. (2019) [283] |
| nanoparticles | poly(ε-caprolactone) PLGA |
Neves et al. (2014) [325] Neves and Sarmento (2015) [245] |
|
| dapivirine and tenofovir | film | PVA | Akil et al. (2014) [266] |
| disulfiram | tablets | MCC, maize starch | Baffoe et al. (2014) [232] |
| doxorubicin | nanoparticles | carboxyl modified polystyrene | Ensign et al. (2013) [326] |
| econazole | film | gelatin, PVP, Soluplus®, and Gelucire® evaluated for solid dispersions | Dolci et al. (2020) [292] |
| microparticle-loaded gel | chitosan lactate, poloxamer 407, Eudragit RS | Parodi et al. (2013) [327] | |
| econazole and miconazole nitrate | gel | chitosan | Şenyigit et al. (2014) [209] |
| econazole nitrate, miconazole nitrate | tablets | thiolated poly(acrylic acid)-cysteine (PAA-Cys) conjugate | Baloglu et al. (2011) [221] |
| econazole nitrate | microparticles | chitosan, Na-CMC, poloxamers | Albertini et al. (2009) [240] |
| Efda and 5-chloro-3-phenylsulfonylindole-2-carboxamide (CSIC) | film | PVA, HPMC E5, PEG 4000 | Zhang et al. (2015) [277] |
| fluconazole | film | HPMC chitosan:pectin (75:25) |
Kumar et al. (2013) [273] Mishra et al. (2017) [291] |
| fluorescent labeled NPs | film | PVA, carrageenan, PEG | Traore et al. (2018) [267] |
| FSAD S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) | film | Carbopol 934P, HPMC, PEG | Yoo et al. (2009) [279] |
| griffithsin/carrageenan | fast-dissolving insert | carrageenan, HEC, xanthan gum | Lal et al. (2018) [113] |
| griffithsin/carrageenan | fast-dissolving insert | carrageenan | Derby et al. (2018) [328] |
| hexylaminolevulinate hydrochloridum | pellets | MCC, Carbopol | Hiorth et al. (2012) [243] |
| bioadhesive mini-tablets | MC, HEC, HPC, MCC | Hiorth et al. (2014) [231] | |
| HIV; IQP-0528 | film | PLGA:Eudragit S 100 nanoparticle encapsulated drug in polymeric films | Srinivasan et al. (2016) [329] |
| HIV and VC; Ebselen | rapidly soluble film | β-cyclodextrin, PVA, Soluplus® | Vartak et al. (2020) [269] |
| HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors UC781, tenofovir | gel | HEC, Carbopol®974P | Mahalingam et al. (2010) [330] |
| IQP-0528 (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) | osmotic pump tablets | HPC, CAP, Carbopol 974P | Rastogi et al. (2013) [227] |
| itraconazole | bioadhesive tablets | cyclodextrins | Cevher et al. (2014) [218] |
| film | HPC, PEG 400 | Dobaria et al. (2009) [331] | |
| insitu gel | HPMC E50, poloxamers 188 and 407 | Karavana et al. (2012) [332] | |
| itraconazole, tea tree oil | thermosensitive gel | Lutrol®F127 | Mirza et al. (2013) [333] |
| lactic acid | gel | chitosan poloxamer 408, chitosan |
Bonferoni et al. (2006) [207] Rossi et al. (2014) [201] |
| tablets | MC, chitosan | Małolepsza-Jarmołowska (2007) [334] | |
| M48U1 anti-HIV microbicide | gel | Pluronic®F127, F68, HPMC | Bouchemal et al. (2013) [335] |
| maraviroc and emtricitabine | non-aqueous gels | silicone elastomer | Forbes et al. (2014) [336] |
| metronidazole | film | HPMC E5 S-protected gellan gum |
Gahlot and Maheshwari (2018) [274] Jalil et al. (2019) [337] |
| gel | chitosan, HEC, 5-methylpyrrolidinone-chitosan (MPCS); PF-127 |
Perioli et al. (2008) [338] Ibrahim et al. (2012) [339] |
|
| tablets | chitosan, Alg-Na, MCC, CMC; chitosan (FG90C), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPK90) and polycarbophil (PCPAA1) |
El-Kamel et al. (2002) [340] Perioli et al. (2009) [341] |
|
| tablets with preliposomes | MCC, starch, pectin, chitosan | Vanić et al. (2014) [342] | |
| microbicidal-STD pathogens (HIV, HSC); bacteria associated with BV Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) | film | HPC | Neurath et al. (2003) [272] |
| microbicidal for HIV and HSV; mAB VRC01-N; mAB HSV8-N | film | PVA, maltitol, polysorbate 20 | Politch et al. (2021) [270] |
| icrobicides PHI-113, PHI-346, PHI-443 | self-emulsyfying gel | PEG 400, MCC, xanthan gum | D’Cruz et al. (2005) [343] |
| MIV-150/zinc acetate/carrageenan | gel | carrageenan | Friedland et al. (2016) [344] |
| MIV-150/zinc acetate/carrageenan | gel | carrageenan | Kenney et al. (2012) [345] |
| maraviroc | electrospun fibers | PVP, PEO | Ball andWoodrow (2014) [346] |
| Na fluorescein, nile red | nanoparticles | Eudragit S-100, PVP | Yoo et al. (2011) [167] |
| natamycin | tablets | HPMC, xanthan gum, Carbopol 934 P, cyclodextrins | Cevher et al. (2008) [347] |
| nile red | polymeric nanocapsules in hydrogel | chitosan, Eudragit | Frank et al. (2014) [172] |
| nystatin | gel | poly(acrylic acid)-cysteine conjugate and the new poly(acrylic acid)-cysteamineconjugate | Hombach et al. (2009) [348] |
| microparticles | Alg-Na, poloxamer 407, chitosan | Martín-Villena et al. (2013) [349] | |
| ovoalbumin | microparticles | PLGA | Kuo-Haller et al. (2010) [350] |
| gel | chitosan, HPMC K100M, Pluronic F 127 | Tuğcu-Demiroz et al. (2013) [210] | |
| polyherbal microbicides | cream | Alg-Na, xanthan gum | Talwar et al. (2008|) [351] |
| polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) | film | HPMC, HEC, PVA | Garg et al. (2005) [194] |
| probiotic microorganisms | microparticles | pectinate, hyaluronic acid | Pliszczak et al. (2011) [237] |
| progesterone | hydrogel | glycolchitin | Almomen et al. (2015) [352] |
| mucoadhesive emulsion | cyclomethicone pentamer | Campaña-Seoane (2014) [353] | |
| propranolol HCl | gel | guar gum, Alg-Na, xanthan gum, HPMC 4000, Na-CMC, carbomer 934, 940 | Tasdighi et al. (2012) [354] |
| proteins, insulin | flux controlled pump, pellets | HEC, HPC, CG, | Teller et al. (2014) [355] |
| pyrimidinedione IQP-0528 | film | PVA | Ham et al. (2012) [271] |
| raltegravir + efavirenz | nanoparticles loaded gel | Pluronic®F127 and F68 | Date et al. (2012) [356] |
| saquinavir | nanoparticles loaded gel | HEC, PLGA, PVA | Yang et al. (2013) [357] |
| sertaconazole | microemulsion-based gel | Carbopol 940 | PatelandPatel (2012) [358] |
| sertaconazole | tablets | Cbp 934P, CH, CMC-Na, Alg-Na, MC, HPMC, HPC | Patel et al. (2011) [359] |
| siRNA-loaded nanoparticles with anti-HLA-DR antibody (siRNA-NP-Ab) | film | PLGA-PEG/PEI/siRNA-NP PVA-λ-carageenan film |
Gu et al. (2015) [246] |
| SPL7013 sulphonated dendrimer | gel | Carbopol® | Mumper et al. (2009) [360] |
| STDs sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) | film | Carbopol 934P, HPMC, PEG | Yoo et al. (2006) [263] |
| Streptococcus vaccine | microparticles | Resomer, RG 503 PLG | Hunter et al. (2001) [361] |
| tebuconazole | nanoparticles | tetraethylorthosilicate | Mas et al. (2014) [362] |
| tenofovir | film | drug-loaded PLGA/SA composite NPs incorporated into a PVA-HPMC film; EC: xanthan gum (2:1) |
Machado et al. (2016) [253] Cazorla-Luna et al. (2020) [363] |
| microparticles | Eudragit S-100 sodium salt | Zhang et al. (2013) [239] | |
| nanoparticles | chitosan; hyaluronic acid |
Meng et al. (2011); Meng et al. (2014) [364,365] Agrahari et al. (2014) [366] |
|
| tablets | HPMC, Kollidon SR | McConville et al. (2013) [224] | |
| SLN | PAA | Alukda et al. (2011) [367] | |
| films | HPMC-Zein (1:5) blend, PEG Eudragit RL, RS, L and S |
Notario-Perez et al. (2019) [280] Notario-Perez et al. (2021) [301] |
|
| tenofovir + efavirenz | film | drug-loaded PLGA NPs in HPMC-PVA films | Cunha-Reis et al. (2016) [249] |
| tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emricitabine | film | Eudragit®L100 NPs in PVA films | Cautela et a. (2019) [268] |
| tenofovir, emtricitabine | tablets | microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, hydroxyethyl cellulose | Clark et al. (2014) [368] |
| tenofovir, maraviroc | dendrimers | carbosilane | Sepúlveda-Crespo et al. (2014) [369] |
| tenofovir, maraviroc, dapivirine | film | sodium CMC, HPMC, HEC; PVA, PVP-K90, PVP-K30 | Akil et al. (2015) [370] |
| tenofovir, tenofovirdisoproxil fumarate | nanoparticles | PLGA, Eudragit | Zhang et al. (2011) [371] |
| tioconazole | film | chitosan-HPMC, PEG 400 | Calvo et al. (2019) [372] |
| UAMC01398 | solid dispersion film | HPMC, PEG 400 | Grammen et al. (2014) [373] |