Figure 1.

The most important functions of various chemokine signaling pathways in GBM. Chemokine signaling axes shape the tumor microenvironment by mediating many different processes. For instance, CXCR2 and CXCR4 signaling is especially important for tumor angiogenesis, proliferation and the formation of vascular mimicry. CCR5 and CXCR6 mediate invasion and migration in GBM. In addition, CCR5 and CXCR6 alongside CCR2 signaling influence TAM polarization. Apart from CCR2 signaling, CX3CR1 is involved in the recruitment of TAMs. Other immune cells are mainly recruited to the tumor by CXCR3 signaling. Chemokines are depicted as dots and color-coded matching the color of their corresponding receptor. Created with BioRender.com.