Table 3. Comparison between co-infection and mono-infection with malaria and dengue among febrile patients from Hodeidah city of Yemen in relation to certain sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (2018–2019).
| Characteristics* | Malaria N = 98 | Dengue N = 108 | Co-infection N = 17 | Co-infection vs. malaria | Co-infection vs. dengue | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | OR | (95% CI) | p-value** | OR | (95% CI) | p-value** | ||||
| Male gender | 65 | (66.3) | 65 | (60.2) | 14 | (82.4) | 1.7 | (0.63–8.97) | 0.188 | 3.1 | (0.82–11.64) | 0.078 |
| Age of 20 years or older | 74 | (75.5) | 76 | (70.4) | 14 | (82.4) | 0.7 | (0.19–2.74) | 0.760 | 0.5 | (0.15–2.03) | 0.401 |
| Secondary education or above | 63 | (64.3) | 60 | (55.6) | 10 | (58.8) | 0.9 | (0.31–3.12) | 0.862 | 0.7 | (0.21–2.09) | 0.671 |
| Unemployment | 43 | (43.9) | 47 | (43.5) | 6 | (35.3) | 1.2 | (0.39–3.55) | 0.777 | 1.4 | (0.49–4.10) | 0.604 |
| Living in a household of ≥ 4 members | 53 | (54.1) | 62 | (57.4) | 13 | (76.5) | 0.4 | (0.11–1.19) | 0.113 | 0.4 | (0.13–1.35) | 0.185 |
| Sweating | 77 | (78.6) | 59 | (54.6) | 6 | (35.3) | 0.1 | (0.05–0.45) | <0.001 | 0.5 | (0.16–1.32) | 0.145 |
| Chills | 75 | (76.5) | 65 | (60.2) | 14 | (82.4) | 1.4 | (0.38–5.42) | 0.598 | 3.1 | (0.84–11.37) | 0.091 |
| Headache | 90 | (91.8) | 98 | (90.7) | 15 | (88.2) | 0.7 | (0.13–3.45) | 0.629 | 0.8 | (0.15–3.84) | 0.745 |
| Muscle pain | 25 | (25.5) | 31 | (28.7) | 6 | (35.3) | 1.6 | (0.53–4.75) | 0.404 | 1.4 | (0.46–4.00) | 0.581 |
| Joint pain | 81 | (82.7) | 97 | (89.8) | 13 | (76.5) | 0.7 | (0.53–4.79) | 0.542 | 0.4 | (0.10–1.35) | 0.116 |
| Retro-orbital / ocular pain | 20 | (20.4) | 49 | (45.4) | 5 | (29.4) | 1.6 | (0.51–5.19) | 0.406 | 0.5 | (0.16–1.54) | 0.217 |
| Vomiting | 33 | (33.7) | 22 | (20.4) | 8 | (47.1) | 1.8 | (0.62–5.00) | 0.291 | 3.5 | (1.20–10.04) | 0.021 |
*Skin rash was excluded from analysis because it was detected among two malaria and two dengue cases but among none of the co-infected cases.
**p-value for bivariate analysis of characteristics between co-infection and each type of mono-infection; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.