Table 1. Characteristics of the study population according to glycaemic status by glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) or Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG).
| Variable | Normoglycaemia | Pre-diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c ADA | HbA1c WHO-IEC | FPG ADA | HbA1c ADA | HbA1c WHO-IEC | FPG ADA | HbA1c | FPG | |
| n = 651 | n = 1043 | n = 1038 | n = 586 | n = 194 | n = 211 | n = 99 | n = 90 | |
| Male (%) | 336 (51.6) | 509 (48.8) | 480 (46.2) | 269 (45.9) | 96 (49.5) | 133 (63.0) | 67 (67.7) | 61 (67.8) |
| Age, years (median) | 64.2 (59.8─68.4) | 64.5 (60.2─68.8) | 64.5 (60.2─68.9) | 65.7 (61.2─70.1) | 67.0 (62.3─71.2) | 66.3 (61.5─70.7) | 66.4 (63.4─69.7) | 66.9 (64.1─70.0) |
| Age, ≥65 years (%) | 294 (47.8) | 488 (49.7) | 486 (50.1) | 306 (55.8) | 112 (61.5) | 122 (60.4) | 62 (70.5) | 58 (72.5) |
| Married or cohabiting (%) | 517 (79.9) | 826 (79.6) | 824 (79.7) | 447 (76.4) | 138 (71.1) | 151 (71.9) | 78 (78.8) | 69 (76.7) |
| Health rating, very good or good (%) | 581 (89.7) | 910 (87.5) | 910 (87.9) | 492 (84.0) | 163 (84.0) | 168 (79.6) | 69 (69.7) | 63 (70.0) |
| Primary education only (%) | 130 (21.6) | 222 (22.9) | 208 (21.7) | 140 (25.7) | 48 (27.0) | 62 (30.8) | 32 (36.0) | 31 (38.8) |
| Current smoker (%) | 43 (6.6) | 89 (8.6) | 89 (8.6) | 62 (10.6) | 16 (8.2) | 19 (9.0) | 10 (10.1) | 9 (10.0) |
| High alcohol intake (%) | 55 (11.2) | 79 (10.2) | 68 (9.2) | 39 (9.8) | 15 (13.3) | 23 (14.9) | 2 (3.3) | 4 (7.3) |
| Low-level physical activity (%) | 448 (69.1) | 744 (71.5) | 738 (71.3) | 428 (73.0) | 132 (68.0) | 149 (70.6) | 70 (70.7) | 64 (71.1) |
| DASH score (mean) | 24.6 ± 5.6 | 24.5 ± 5.5 | 24.6 ± 5.5 | 24.1 ± 5.4 | 23.7 ± 5.3 | 23.4 ± 5.5 | 23.5 ± 5.4 | 23.3 ± 5.4 |
| Poor diet qualitya (%) | 255 (39.6) | 422 (41.0) | 412 (40.2) | 260 (44.9) | 93 (48.2) | 109 (52.4) | 49 (52.1) | 46 (54.8) |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean) | 27.7 ± 4.6 | 28.1 ± 6.3 | 27.7 ± 4.6 | 29.0 ± 7.4 | 29.5 ± 4.8 | 31.0 ± 10.2 | 31.0 ± 4.6 | 31.3 ± 4.8 |
| Overweight or obeseb (%) | 479 (73.7) | 786 (75.4) | 769 (74.2) | 470 (80.2) | 163 (84.0) | 190 (90.0) | 88 (88.9) | 83 (92.2) |
| Average systolic BP, mmHg (mean) | 128.7 ± 18.1 | 128.4 ± 18.2 | 127.2 ± 17.9 | 128.3 ± 18.3 | 129.1 ± 17.8 | 134.2 ± 18.6 | 132.5 ± 19.1 | 134.5 ± 18.1 |
| Average diastolic BP, mmHg (mean) | 76.7 ± 10.0 | 76.4 ± 10.0 | 75.9 ± 9.8 | 76.2 ± 10.0 | 76.6 ± 10.1 | 79.2 ± 11.0 | 76.3 ± 9.9 | 77.0 ± 9.1 |
| Hypertensionc (%) | 280 (43.0) | 472 (45.3) | 455 (43.8) | 301 (51.4) | 109 (56.2) | 135 (64.0) | 72 (72.7) | 66 (73.3) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l (median) | 1.1 (0.8─1.4) | 1.1 (0.8─1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9─1.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | 1.7 (1.1–2.3) |
| High triglyceridesd (%) | 110 (17.3) | 168 (16.5) | 155 (15.3) | 98 (17.1) | 40 (21.1) | 56 (27.5) | 44 (45.8) | 43 (49.4) |
| HDL-C, mmol/l (mean) | 1.51 ± 0.4 | 1.50 ± 0.4 | 1.51 ± 0.4 | 1.46 ± 0.4 | 1.41 ± 0.3 | 1.34 ± 0.4 | 1.20 ± 0.4 | 1.19 ± 0.4 |
| Low HDL-Ce (%) | 89 (14.0) | 157 (15.4) | 148 (14.6) | 103 (18.0) | 35 (18.4) | 55 (27.0) | 49 (51.0) | 41 (47.1) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol (median) | 36.0 (35.0─37.0) | 38.0 (36.0─39.0) | 38.0 (36.0─40.0) | 40.0 (39.0─42.0) | 43.0 (42.0─44.0) | 41.0 (38.0─43.0) | 57.0 (50.0─69.0) | 57.0 (49.0─69.0) |
| FPG, mmol/l (median) | 4.9 (4.6─5.2) | 5.0 (4.7─5.3) | 4.9 (4.7─5.2) | 5.2 (4.8─5.5) | 5.4 (5.1─5.9) | 5.9 (5.7─6.2) | 8.0 (6.8─9.1) | 8.4 (7.6─9.6) |
Number and (%) are shown for dichotomous variables; DASH score, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP and HDL-C are shown as a mean (± one standard deviation). Age, triglycerides, HbA1c and FPG are shown as a median (interquartile range). Numbers and % may vary as some variables have missing values.
aBottom 40% DASH score.
bBMI ≥25.
cSystolic BP ≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90 or on anti-hypertensive medications.
dTriglycerides ≥1.7.
eHDL-C <1.03 males or <1.29 females.