Table 2. Factors associated with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes according to diagnosis by HbA_1c or FPG.

Variable	Odds ratio (95% CI)
	Pre-diabetes compared to normoglycaemia						Type 2 diabetes compared to normoglycaemia
	HbA1c ADA	P	HbA1c WHO-IEC	P	FPG ADA	P	HbA1c ADA	P	HbA1c WHO-IEC	P	FPG ADA	P
Male	0.80 (0.64–0.99)	.045	1.03 (0.76─1.40)	.861	1.98 (1.46─2.69)	< .001	1.96 (1.25–3.07)	.003	2.20 (1.42─3.41)	< .001	2.45 (1.55─3.87)	< .001
Age ≥65 years	1.38 (1.10–1.74)	.006	1.62 (1.17─2.23)	.004	1.52 (1.12─2.07)	.008	2.60 (1.60–4.23)	< .001	2.41 (1.50─3.87)	< .001	2.63 (1.59─4.37)	< .001
Married or cohabiting	0.81 (0.62–1.07)	.138	0.63 (0.45─0.89)	.009	0.65 (0.47─0.91)	.013	0.93 (0.56–1.57)	.796	0.95 (0.58─1.58)	.853	0.84 (0.50–1.40)	.496
Health rating, very good or good	0.60 (0.43–0.84)	.003	0.75 (0.49─1.15)	.188	0.54 (0.37─0.79)	.001	0.27 (0.16–0.44)	< .001	0.33 (0.21─0.52)	< .001	0.32 (0.20─0.52)	< .001
Primary education only	1.26 (0.96–1.65)	.1	1.24 (0.87─1.79)	.239	1.61 (1.15–2.26)	.005	2.04 (1.27–3.28)	.003	1.89 (1.20─2.99)	.006	2.29 (1.42–3.68)	.001
Current smoker	1.67 (1.11─2.50)	.014	0.96 (0.55─1.67)	.887	1.05 (0.63–1.77)	.849	1.58 (0.77–3.26)	.215	1.20 (0.60─2.39)	.6	1.18 (0.57–2.43)	.652
High alcohol intake	0.86 (0.56–1.33)	.5	1.35 (0.75─2.43)	.324	1.73 (1.04–2.88)	.034	0.27 (0.07–1.15)	.076	0.30 (0.07─1.27)	.1	0.77 (0.27–2.21)	.632
Low-level physical activity	1.21 (0.95–1.55)	.132	0.85 (0.61─1.18)	.325	0.97 (0.70–1.34)	.841	1.08 (0.68–1.71)	.752	0.96 (0.61─1.51)	.861	0.99 (0.62–1.59)	.969
Poor diet qualitya	1.24 (0.99–1.56)	.061	1.34 (0.98─1.82)	.063	1.64 (1.22–2.21)	.001	1.66 (1.08–2.57)	.022	1.57 (1.03─2.40)	.037	1.80 (1.15–2.82)	.01
Overweight or obeseb	1.45 (1.11–1.89)	.007	1.71 (1.14─2.58)	.01	3.15 (1.97–5.05)	< .001	2.86 (1.49–5.47)	.002	2.61 (1.37─4.95)	.003	4.13 (1.89–9.05)	< .001
Hypertensionc	1.40 (1.12–1.75)	.003	1.55 (1.14─2.11)	.005	2.28 (1.68–3.09)	< .001	3.53 (2.21–5.65)	< .001	3.23 (2.04─5.10)	< .001	3.52 (2.17–5.71)	< .001
High triglyceridesd	0.99 (0.73–1.33)	.93	1.35 (0.92─1.98)	.13	2.10 (1.48–2.99)	< .001	4.04 (2.57–6.34)	< .001	4.28 (2.77─6.60)	< .001	5.43 (3.45–8.55)	< .001
Low HDL-Ce	1.35 (0.99–1.84)	.059	1.24 (0.83─1.85)	.3	2.17 (1.52–3.09)	< .001	6.40 (4.04–10.12)	< .001	5.71 (3.70─8.82)	< .001	5.23 (3.31–8.24)	< .001

Univariate multinomial logistic regression.

^aBottom 40% DASH score.

^bBMI ≥25.

^cSystolic BP ≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90 or on anti-hypertensive medications.

^dTriglycerides ≥1.7.

^eHDL-C <1.03 males or <1.29 females.