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. 2021 Jun 15;10(6):537. doi: 10.3390/biology10060537

Table 3.

Non-cultigens gathered and consumed in the Gadoon Valley.

Species
Number		 Plant Species or Taxon, Botanical Family, and Voucher Code Local Name Used by Tribal Groups Parts Used Habit Price/kg in Local Markets (USD) Perceived Medicinal Properties Local Food Preparation UR mCI Food Uses Previously Reported in KP, Pakistan
UZ HZ HK AK
1. Allium griffithianum Boiss.; Alliaceae;
B.She.150.UOP		 Zangali pyaz + - - + Whole Plant Herb - None Cooked, seasoning - - [11]
2. Allium jacquemontii Kunth; Alliaceae;
B.She.151.UOP		 Sor pyaz - + - + Leaves Herb - None Cooked, seasoning - - No
3. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC.; Malvaceae;
B.She.152.UOP		 Soba - - + + Leaves, shoots Herb - Hepatitis, hair tonic Cooked 30 0.385 [10]
4. Amaranthus spinosus L.; Amaranthaceae;
B.She.153.UOP		 Ganhar - - + + Leaves Herb - Diarrhea, wounds Cooked 70 0.673 [9,24]
5. Amaranthus viridis L.; Amaranthaceae;
B.She.154.UOP		 Senglai + + - - Leaves Herb - Laxative Cooked 73 0.702 [9,10,11,48]
6. Apium graveolens L.;
Apiaceae;
B.She.155.UOP		 Danai + + - - Leaves and shoots Herb - None Salad, seasoning, and cooked - - [24,48]
7. Artemisia scoparia Waldst & Kitam.; Asteraceae;
B.She.156.UOP		 Jukay + - - - Stem, leaves and shoots Herb - Jaundice and hepatitis Salad 19 0.244 [10]
8. Asparagus officinalis L.; Asparagaceae;
B.She.157.UOP		 Saboon botai - + + + Stem Herb - Constipation Cooked 37 0.475 [11]
9. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.; Asphodelaceae;
B.She.158.UOP		 Ogakai + + + + Leaves Herb - Diuretic, ulcers Cooked 51 0.654 No
10. Bauhinia variegata L.; Fabaceae;
B.She.159.UOP		 Kulyar - - + + Flowers Tree $0.94 Thyroid hormone-regulating activity Cooked 93 0.894 [9]
11. Berberis lycium Royle.; Berberidaceae;
B.She.160.UOP		 Karoskai + + + + Leaves and fruit, shoots Shrub $1.88 Diabetes, bone fractures Cooked 79 0.76 [12]
12. Bidens pilosa L.; Asteraceae;
B.She.161.UOP		 Sormal - + + - Leaves Herb - Leprosy and skin cuts Cooked 7 0.27 No
13. Bistorta amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene; Polygonaceae;
B.She.162.UOP		 Gule rana + - - - Leaves and roots Herb - Dysentery Cooked 12 0.231 [11]
14. Brassica carinata (Braun) O.E Schulz;
Brassicaceae;
B.She.163.UOP		 Ghat, sharsham - + + - Leaves Herb - Menstrual disorder Cooked 6 0.231 No
15. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.). Medik.; Brassicaceae;
B.She.164.UOP		 Badshah + - - + Leaves Herb - Diarrhea, bladder infections Salad, cooked 21 0.270 [48]
16. Caralluma tuberculata
N.E.Br.; Apocynaceae;
B.She.165.UOP		 Pamankai + - - - Whole plant Herb - Diabetes mellitus Salad 9 0.116 [9,11,24,48]
17. Chenopodium album L.; Amaranthaceae;
B.She.166.UOP		 Sarmai + + + - Shoots and leaves Herb - Urinary tract infections Cooked 40 0.385 [9,10,11,12,48]
18. Chenopodium murale L.;
Amaranthaceae;
B.She.167.UOP		 Thor sarmai + + + + Leaves Herb - Anthelmintic Cooked 29 0.373 [9,10]
19. Cichorium intybus L.; Asteraceae;
B.She.168.UOP		 Shinkai + - - - Leaves Herb - Gastrointestinal ailments Cooked, salad 31 0.596 [9]
20. Colocasia sp.; Araceae;
B.She.169.UOP		 Narai kachaloo + + + - Leaves and fruit Herb $0.63 Diarrhea Cooked and salad 97 0.692 No
21. Commelina benghalensis L.; Commelinaceae;
B.She.170.UOP		 Nari - + + + Leaves Herb - None Cooked - - [11]
22. Convolvulus arvensis L.; Convolvulaceae;
B.She.171.UOP		 Pervati - - + - Leaves and shoots Herb - Constipation and remove dandruff Cooked 13 0.311 [11]
23. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.; Asteraceae;
B.She.172.UOP		 Bandakai + - + + Leaves and shoots Herb - Liver tonic Cooked 27 0.347 No
24. Ficus palmata Forsskal.; Moraceae;
B.She.173.UOP		 Enzar + + + + Leaves and shoots Tree - None Cooked - - [24]
25. Lactuca serriola L.; Asteraceae;
B.She.174.UOP		 Kokara - + - - Leaves Herb - None Cooked - - No
26. Lathyrus aphaca L.; Fabaceae;
B.She.175.UOP		 Zyar mattar + - - - Leaves and fruit Herb - None Cooked - - [9.11]
27. Lepidium apetalum Willd.;
Brassicaceae;
B.She.176.UOP		 Bashkai + - - - Leaves Herb - None Cooked - - [9]
28. Malva neglecta Wallr.; Malvaceae;
B.She.177.UOP		 Panerak - - + + Leaves Herb - Urinary tract infections Cooked, salad 46 0.442 [11]
29. Medicago denticulata Willd.; Fabaceae;
B.She.178.UOP		 Lewani - + - - Leaves Herb - Dysentery Cooked 13 0.250 No
30. Medicago polymorpha L.; Fabaceae;
B.She.179.UOP		 Shpaishtai + + - - Leaves Herb - None Cooked - - [9,10,11]
31. Mentha longifolia (L.) L.; Lamiaceae;
B.She.180.UOP		 Velanai + + + + Leaves Herb $0.31 Diarrhea Salad, cooked 81 0.79 [9,10,11,12,48]
32. Mentha spicata L.; Lamiaceae;
B.She.181.UOP		 Podina + - + + Leaves Herb $0.44 Stomach ache, intestinal pains Salad 90 0.865 [11,48]
33. Nasturtium officinale R.Br.; Brassicaceae;
B.She.182.UOP		 Tarabera - + + + Leaves and stem Herb - Urinary tract infections Cooked, salad 69 0.664 [9,10,11,12]
34. Oxalis corniculata L.; Oxalidaceae;
B.She.183.UOP		 Tarokai - + + - Leaves, stem Herb - Vomiting Salad 52 0.500 [10,11,24,48]
35. Pimpinella saxifraga
L.; Apiaceae;
B.She.184.UOP		 Ogai + + - - Leaves Herb - Indigestion Cooked 5 0.193 No
36. Plantago lanceolata L.; Plantaginaceae;
B.She.185.UOP		 Isphagol + + - - Stem, leaves Herb - Skin irritations Cooked 42 0.404 [11]
37. Portulaca oleracea L.; Portulacaceae;
B.She.186.UOP		 Orkharai + - - - Shoots Herb - Antiseptic Cooked 59 0.567 [11]
38. Rumex dentatus L.; Polygonaceae;
B.She.187.UOP		 Shalkhai + + + + Leaves Herb $0.63 Kidney stones Cooked 70 0.898 [9,10,11,12]
39. Rumex hastatus D. Don.; Polygonaceae;
B.She.188.UOP		 Narai shalkhai + + + + Leaves Herb - Kidney stones Cooked 37 0.596 [9,12]
40. Rumex vesicarius L.; Polygonaceae;
B.She.189.UOP		 Ghat tarokai + + - - Leaves Herb - None Salad - - [48]
41. Silene conoidea L.; Caryophyllaceae;
B.She.190.UOP		 Mangotai - - + + Fruit and leaves Herb - Anemia Cooked 13 0.168 [9,10,11]
42. Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke; Caryophyllaceae;
B.She.191.UOP		 Sor mangotai - - - + Leaves and shoots Herb - Constipation Salad, cooked 21 0.283 No
43. Sisymbrium orientale L.; Brassicaceae;
B.She.192.UOP		 Orai + - - - Leaves Herb - None Eaten raw as a snack - - No
44. Solanum nigrum L.; Solanaceae;
B.She.193.UOP		 Kachmacho + + + + Whole Herb - Laxative, appetite stimulant Cooked 73 0.702 No
45. Sonchus arvensis L.; Asteraceae;
B.She.194.UOP		 Zyar gulai - - + - Leaves Herb - Asthma, chest pain Boiled or variously cooked 18 0.232 [48]
46. Trifolium repens L.; Fabaceae;
B.She.195.UOP		 Shutal + + - - Leaves Herb - Cough, fever Cooked, salad 5 0.193 [11]
47. Trigonella gracilis Benth.;
Fabaceae;
B.She.196.UOP		 Zyar shpaishtai - + + - Leaves Herb - None Cooked - - [9]
48. Tulipa stellata Hook.; Liliaceae;
B.She.197.UOP		 Ghantol + + + + Fruit Herb - Antiseptic, sinus pain Cooked 11 0.142 No
49. Veronica polita Fr.; Plantaginaceae;
B.She.198.UOP		 Angrara - + + - Leaves Herb - None Cooked - - No
50. Vicia sativa L.; Fabaceae;
B.She.199.UOP		 Cheelo + + - - Leaves and fruit Herb - None Eaten raw as a snack, salad - - [48]
51. Zanthoxylum armatum DC.; Rutaceae;
B.She.200.UOP		 Dambara + + + + Fruit Tree $2.50 Asthma, bronchitis Seasoning 75 0.721 No

UZ: Umarzai; HZ: Hadarzai; HK: Haji Khel; AK: Alisher Khel, UR: use report; mCI: cultural importance index.