Table 1.

In vivo anti-inflammatory effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe.

Organism/Model	Dose	Form	Administration Route	Effects
Rat/paw edema	50 and 100 mg/kg	extract	oral	Reduction of carrageenan-induced paw edema formation by 22 or 38%
Mouse/Th2-mediated airway inflammation in OVA-sensitized animals	360 mg/kg	extract	i.p.	Reduced amount of eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes in BALF and lung tissue
Rat/cervix cancer	100 mg/kg	extract	oral	Less NFκB distribution in tissue
Rat/liver cancer	100 mg/kg	extract	oral	Decreased NFκB expression
Rat/ breast cancer/liver cancer cells	100 mg/kg	extract	oral	Reduced TNF levels
Rat/saline administration	50 and 500 mg/kg	extract	oral or i.p.	Reduced PGE2 serum levels
Rat/saline administration	500 mg/kg	extract	oral	Reduced TXB2 serum levels
Rat/paw edema	25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg	extract	oral	Reduced carrageenan-induced paw volume, levels of PGE2, TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, IFNγ, MCP-1, MIP-2, RANTES, and MPO activity and NO levels
Rat/gastric ulcer	200 mg/kg	powder	oral	Block of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal lesion formation, abrogation of ulcer with distorted gastric glands, damaged mucosal epithelium, and the formation of cell debris Restoration of normal physiological volume of gastric juice and acidity; reduction of mucosal iNOS activity, TNF, and IL-1β plasma levels
Mouse/arthritis	100 and 200 mg/kg	extract	oral	Reduction of collagen II-induced IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-17 protein and MMP1, 3 and 13 mRNA
Rat/arthritis	50, 100 and 200 mg/kg	extract	i.p.	Reduction of collagen II-induced joint temperature and paw thickness, serum levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF, and anti-type II collagen antibodies, increased paw removal latency
Mouse/UVB-irradiated hyperplasia	1 and 2.5%	extract	oral	UVB-induced reduction of leukocyte infiltration, levels of IL-1β and IL-6