Table 2.

In vivo anti-inflammatory effects of 6-shogaol.

Organism/Model	Dose	Administration Route	Effects
Rat/mono-arthritis model	6.2 mg/kg	oral	Reduction of edema swelling volume, lymphocyte and monocyte infiltration
Mouse/TPA-induced skin model	1 and 2.5 µmol	topical application	Reduction of iNOS and COX-2
Rat PCA model	1 and 5 mg/kg	oral	Reduction of DNP-HAS-induced PCA by 72% and 45%
Mouse/ischemic acute kidney injury model	20 mg/kg	i.p.	Involvement of NFκB and HO-1reduction of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and mRNA of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, neutrophil infiltration, andIL-6, MCP-1, MIP-2, and KC mRNA
Hamster, buccal pouch carcinogenesis model	20 mg/kg	oral	Reduction of DMBA-induced IKK, p65, COX, and iNOS levelsBlock of IκBα degradation and IL-6,IL-1 and TNFReduction of NFκB and AP-1 mRNA expression and c-jun, c-fos protein levels
Mouse, middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced brain damage model	5 and 20 mg/kg	oral	Reduction of brain infarct volume, MDA and ROS production, IL-1β, TNF, COX-2 and iNOS, ERK, JNK, and p38 activation