Table 6.

Pharmaceutical effects of seaweed bioactive compounds.

Seaweed	Compound Extracted	Cell Lines/Animals Surveyed	Route of Administration	Dosage (µg/mL)	Effect	Reference
Laminaria cichorioides (Phaeophyceae)	Sulphated fucan	Human plasma	The lyophilized crude polysaccharide was dissolved in human plasma	10, 30, 50	In vitro anticoagulant activity	[92]
Fucus evanescens (Phaeophyceae)	Fucoidans	Human plasma Rat plasma	Intravenous Injection	125, 250, 500, 1000	In vitro and in vivo anticoagulant activity	[93]
Sargassum fulvellum (Phaeophyceae)	Phlorotannins, grasshopper ketone, fucoidan and polysaccharides	Mice	Oral administration	Based on weight of mice	Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticoagulant activities	[153]
Gracilaria edulis (Rhodophyceae)	Phenolic, Flavonoid and Alkaloid compounds	Bovine serum albumin (protein)	The extracts were tested on the protein	20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120	Hypoglycaemic activity	[98]
Ulva rigida (Chlorophyceae)	Ethanolic extract	Twenty-four male Wistar rats	Oral administration	500 mL of water with extracts in 2% wt/vol as drinking water for exposed groups per each day (from 3 to 30 days).	In vivo anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidative and genotoxic/antigenotoxic activities	[108]
Griffithsia sp. (Rhodophyceae)	Griffithsin (protein)	MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV glycoproteins	The extracts were tested on the proteins	0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2	Antiviral activity against MERS-CoV virus and SARS-CoV glycoprotein	[100]
Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyceae)	polysaccharides	SARS-CoV-2 S-protein	The extracts were tested on the protein	50–500	In vitro inhibition to SARS-CoV-2	[164]