Visualization of bacteria in infectious lesions using cross-reactive antisera. Left panels (a,d): Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii-induced granulomatous mastitis, Central panels (b,e): leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans infection or Weil’s disease) in the liver and Right panels (c,f): Haemophilus pertussis-induced pneumonia. Top (a–c): H&E, Bottom (d–f): immunostaining using commercially available antiserum against Treponema pallidum (d), Escherichia coli (e), and Bacillus cereus (f). The causative bacteria are visible through the cross-reactivity of the antisera. Bacteria are not recognizable in H&E preparations.