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The mechanistic insights of the enhancement of drug absorption by drug-loaded chitosan nanomaterials in the intestine. The ideal properties of these nanomaterials include (i) protection against GI luminal degradation, (ii) mucoadhesion, (iii) permeation enhancement, (iv) controlled drug release, and (v) inhibition of P-gp, MRP-2, or BCRP. Abbreviation: P-gp, P-glycoprotein; MRP-2, multidrug resistance protein-2; BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein. Created with BioRender.com.
