Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study participants by CR participation, and association with total CRBS score.
| Total n = 380 | Participated in CR n = 19 | Did not participate n = 361 | p ∗ | p † | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Age | 67.02 ± 11.09 | 62.3 ± 8.97 | 67.29 ± 10.87 | 0.079 | 0.240 |
| Sex (% female) | 128 (37%) | 8 (42.1%) | 120 (37.0%) | 0.657 | 0.004 |
| Marital status (% married) | 331 (86%) | 18 (94.7%) | 309 (95.4%) | 0.899 | 0.875 |
| Living status (% alone) | 59 (15.3%) | 1 (5.3%) | 58 (17.8%) | 0.157 | 0.010 |
| Caregivers | 0.001 | 0.089 | |||
| Family (e.g., spouse and child) | 193 (50.2%) | 9 (47.4%) | 180 (55.4%) | ||
| Self | 153 (39.7%) | 10 (52.6%) | 143 (44.0%) | ||
| Nurse | 2 (0.5%) | 0 | 2 (0.6%) | ||
| Nationality (% Han) | 346 (89.9%) | 19 (100%) | 323 (99.4%) | 0.732 | 0.241 |
| Education | 0.367 | 0.152 | |||
| Junior high school and below | 159 (46.2%) | 8 (42.1%) | 151 (46.5%) | ||
| Technical secondary school/senior high school | 133 (38.7%) | 6 (31.6%) | 127 (39.1%) | ||
| College degree | 52 (15.1%) | 5 (26.3%) | 47 (14.5%) | ||
| Work status (% working) | 54 (15.7%) | 6 (31.6%) | 48 (14.8%) | 0.051 | 0.467 |
| Residence (% city or town) | 327 (84.9%) | 19 (100%) | 305 (94.1%) | 0.277 | 0.020 |
| Family income | 0.029 | 0.112 | |||
| (% >40001RMB)‡ | 191 (49.6%) | 10 (52.6%) | 181 (55.7%) | ||
| ≤40000RMB | 153 (50.4%) | 9 (47.4%) | 144 (44.3%) | ||
| Healthcare coverage | 0.306 | 0.263 | |||
| Insurance or government | 330 (85.7%) | 19 (100%) | 307 (94.8%) | ||
| Out-of-pocket | 17 (4.4%) | 0 | 17 (5.2%) | ||
| Clinical | |||||
| Duration of CHD | 0.975 | 0.839 | |||
| <1 year | 127 (33%) | 7 (36.8%) | 120 (37.2%) | ||
| 1-5 years | 104 (27%) | 5 (26.3%) | 96 (29.7%) | ||
| >5 years | 114 (29.6%) | 7 (36.8%) | 106 (32.8%) | ||
| Diagnosis | 0.041 | <0.001 | |||
| Silent infarction | 159 (46.6%) | 7 (36.8%) | 152 (47.2%) | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 91 (26.7%) | 5 (26.3%) | 86 (26.7%) | ||
| Other | 40 (11.7%) | 4 (21.1%) | 36 (11.2%) | ||
| Unstable angina | 36 (10.6%) | 0 | 36 (11.2%) | ||
| Stable angina | 15 (4.4%) | 3 (15.8%) | 12 (3.7%) | ||
| PCI (% yes) | 264 (78.3%) | 8 (42.1%) | 256 (80.5%) | <0.001 | 0.757 |
| CABG (% yes) | 14 (3.6%) | 6 (31.6%) | 8 (2.6%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Medication adherence (% regularly taking) | 304 (79%) | 18 (94.7%) | 285 (95%) | 0.394 | 0.553 |
| NYHA class | 0.980 | 0.065 | |||
| I | 163 (42.3%) | 9 (47.4%) | 154 (47.5%) | ||
| II | 143 (37.1%) | 8 (42.1%) | 135 (41.7%) | ||
| III | 35 (9.1%) | 2 (10.5%) | 32 (9.9%) | ||
| IV | 3 (0.8%) | 0 | 3 (0.9%) | ||
| Risk factors | |||||
| BMI | 24.33 ± 3.43 | 24.43 ± 2.82 | 24.35 ± 3.45 | 0.920 | 0.032 |
| Tobacco use | 0.261 | 0.002 | |||
| Never used | 176 (51.2%) | 12 (63.2%) | 164 (50.5%) | ||
| Former user | 101 (29.4%) | 6 (31.6%) | 95 (29.2%) | ||
| Current user | 67 (19.5%) | 1 (5.3%) | 66 (20.3%) | ||
| Hypertension (% yes) | 245 (71.4%) | 15 (78.9%) | 230 (71%) | 0.455 | 0.071 |
| Diabetes (% yes) | 124 (36.2%) | 9 (47.4%) | 115 (35.5%) | 0.295 | 0.639 |
| Family history of CVD | 146 (42.6) | 10 (52.6%) | 136 (42%) | 0.361 | 0.042 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Stroke | 19 (4.9%) | 1 (5.3%) | 18 (5.6%) | 0.957 | 0.764 |
| Renal insufficiency | 11 (2.9%) | 0 | 11 (3.4%) | 0.414 | 0.793 |
| Transient ischemic attack | 4 (1.0%) | 0 | 4 (1.2%) | 0.626 | 0.169 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 6 (1.6%) | 1 (5.3%) | 5 (1.5%) | 0.229 | 0.279 |
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Harmful use of alcohol (% ≥2 drinks/day) | 2 (0.5%) | 0 | 2 (0.6%) | 0.766 | 0.731 |
| Regular exercise (% ≥3 times/wk for ≥30 min) | 200 (52%) | 18 (94.7%) | 182 (56.0%) | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Monthly sodium intake§ | 0.050 | 0.001 | |||
| <120 g | 22 (5.7%) | 0 | 22 (6.8%) | ||
| 120-179 g | 229 (59.5%) | 14 (73.7%) | 214 (65.8%) | ||
| >180 g | 94 (24.4%) | 5 (26.4%) | 89 (27.4%) | ||
| Daily fruit intake° | 0.533 | 0.287 | |||
| <50 g | 42 (10.9%) | 1 (12.5%) | 40 (20.1%) | ||
| 50-200 g | 151 (39.2%) | 6 (87.5%) | 142 (71.3%) | ||
| >200 g | 17 (4.4%) | 0 | 17 (8.5%) | ||
| Psychosocial | |||||
| HADS | |||||
| Depressive symptoms | 9.85 ± 1.87 | 10.28 ± 1.90 | 9.82 ± 1.87 | 0.323 | 0.227 |
| Anxiety | 13.64 ± 1.78 | 13.39 ± 2.03 | 13.66 ± 1.76 | 0.525 | 0.532 |
| CR information awareness | 46.4 ± 12.5 | 63.6 ± 17.1 | 45.4 ± 11.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
‡$1 USD = 7RMB. §Based on recommendations of 3-5 grams/day; ideally participants would have <150 grams/month. °~>400 g/day recommended (e.g., 5 servings of 80 grams). ∗p is used for comparison of variables by CR participation status, using chi-square or t-test, as appropriate. †p is used for association of variable value in total sample with total mean CRBS score, tested using independent sample t-test, analysis of variance, or Pearson's correlation, as applicable. BMI: body mass index; CR: cardiac rehabilitation; CRBS: Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale; CHD: coronary heart disease; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Note: some data were missing, and therefore the percentage reported was based on the available denominator.