Table 3.
Identification of phenolic compounds from D. calcarata water extract and methanol extract by LC–MS.
| Water Extract | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound | Retention Time (Min) | M-H | M-H Formula | Biological activities | Reference | Compound CID |
| Pantothenate | 5.81 | 218.1039 | C9H16NO5 | Biosynthesis of co-enzyme A | [74] | 6613 |
| Ficuspirolide | 6.46 | 240.0503 | C13H20O4 | Unknown | [56,61] | 100987513 |
| Quercetin derivative | 6.66 | 299.0767 | C15H10O7 | Antioxidant, anticancer |
[76,77] | 5280343 |
| Dihydrophaseic acid hexoside | 8.62 | 443.1891 | C21H31O10 | Antioxidant, anticancer |
[78] | – |
| Vanillic acid 4-Beta-d-Glucoside | 10.32 | 329.0876 | C14H18O9 | Anticancer | [79,80] | 14132336 |
| Unidentified | 10.98 | 351.1276 | Unknown | Unknown | – | |
| 2-hydroxyethyl 4-acetyl-4-methyl-5-oxohexanoate | 13.38 13.96 |
229.1070 229.1070 |
C11H17O5 | Unknown | – | 57557709 |
| Psoralene | 16.01 | 187.0979 | C11H6O3 | Anticancer | [81] | 6199 |
| Baccatin III | 17.85 | 603.2449 | C31H38O11 | Anticancer | [82] | 65366 |
| Cyanidin 3-O-(6ꞌꞌ acetyl) glucoside | 18.74 | 491.2128 | C23H23O12 | Anticancer | [83,84] | 15714477 |
| Limonin-17-beta-d-glucoside | 20.90 | 649.2471 | C32H42O14 | Anticancer, antioxidant and hepatoprotection | [83,85,86,87] | 24820753 |
| 6β-Acetoxyscillarenin3-Oβ-d-glucoside(1→4)-α-l-rhamnoside | 21.91 21.94 22.01 22.87 |
753.3328 753.3335 753.3345 753.3326 |
C38H54O15 | Unknown | [56] | – |
| Methanol Extract | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak number | Retention Time (Min) | M-H | M-H Formula | Biological activities | Reference | |
| Salvianolic acid A | 4.96 | 492.1812 | C26H22O10 | Antioxidant and cardioprotective capacity | [88,89] | 5281793 |
| Protocatechuic acid glucoside | 5.47 | 315.0711 | C13H16O9 | Antidiabetic | [90,91] | 11972438 |
| Isorhamnetin derivative | 6.45 | 373.0757 | C16H12O7 | Anticancer and antioxidant | [92,93] | 5281654 |
| Rhamnosyl-di-hexosyl quercetin sulphate | 7.65 | 915.2181 | C33H38O28S | Unknown | [94] | 129849106 |
| Dihydrophaseic acid 4-O-beta-d-glucoside | 8.62 | 443.1893 | C21H31O10 | Antioxidant, anticancer |
[79] | 11988281 |
| Eriodictyol 7-O-glucoside | 10.26 | 449.1064 | C21H21O11 | Cell survival | [95,96] | 13254473 |
| Taxifolin 4′-glucoside | 12.19 12.25 |
465.1044 465.1044 |
C21H22O12 | Antioxidant, anticancer | [78,79] | 71587141 |
| Petunidin 3,5-Di-O-Beta-d-Glucoside | 13.38 | 641.1724 | C28H33O17 | Antioxidant | [97,98] | 75184857 |
| 2-hydroxyethyl 4-acetyl-4-methyl-5-oxohexanoate | 13.94 14.00 |
229.1070 229.1070 |
C11H17O5 | Unknown | – | 57557709 |
| Unidentified | 16.07 | 685.1863 | Unknown | Unknown | ||
| Hydroxyoleuropein | 17.49 | 557,1857 | C25H32O14 | Antioxidant | [99,100] | 6440747 |
| Oleuropein | 18.26 18.31 |
539.1779 539.1798 |
C25H32O13 | Antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, cardioprotective capacity and anti-inflammatory | [101,102,103,104] | 5281544 |
| Scillirubroside/scilliphaeosidin-glucoside | 19.38 | 607.2750 | C28H31O15 | Unknown | [93] | – |
| Limonin-17-beta-d-glucoside | 20.87 | 649.2489 | C32H41O14 | Anticancer, antioxidant and hepatoprotection | [83,85,86,87] | 46878414 |
| 6β-Acetoxyscillarenin3-Oβ-d-glucoside(1→4)-α-l-rhamnoside | 21.87 21.99 |
753.3318 753.3318 |
C38H54O15 | Unknown | [56] | – |