Table 1.
Sample characteristics and equivalence by country
| Total (n = 624) | Italy (1) (n = 324) | Spain (2) (n = 159) | Portugal (3) (n = 141) | Testa | Effect sizeb | Post-hoc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parents | |||||||
| Female, N (%) | 560 (89.7) | 302 (93.2) | 134 (84.3) | 124 (87.9) | 0.88** | .12 | 1 > 2 |
| Age, M (SD) | 42.20 (5.48) | 42.40 (5.81) | 42.11 (5.30) | 41.82 (4.87) | 1.21 | – | – |
| Marital status, N (%) | 8.49 | – | – | ||||
| Married | 547 (87.7) | 286 (88.3) | 142 (89.3) | 119 (84.4) | |||
| Single | 75 (12) | 38 (11.7) | 15 (9.4) | 22 (15.6) | |||
| Other | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | |||
| Educational level, N (%) | 56.32*** | .21 | |||||
| Ph.D./Master’s | 171 (27.4) | 65 (20.1) | 44 (27.7) | 62 (44) | 3 > 1 | ||
| Undergraduate | 270 (43.3) | 135 (41.7) | 70 (44) | 65 (46.1) | |||
| Secondary school | 158 (25.3) | 111 (34.3) | 33 (20.8) | 14 (9.9) | 1 > 3 | ||
| Primary school | 25 (4) | 13 (4) | 12 (7.5) | 0 (0) | 2 > 3 | ||
| Monthly family income (euros) | 4.25 | – | – | ||||
| Up to 999 | 29 (5.2) | 14 (4.9) | 8 (5.6) | 7 (5.5) | |||
| 1000–1999 | 150 (26.9) | 71 (24.9) | 40 (27.8) | 39 (30.5) | |||
| 2000–2999 | 194 (34.8) | 105 (36.8) | 43 (29.9) | 46 (35.9) | |||
| 3000–4999 | 151 (27.1) | 77 (27) | 44 (30.6) | 30 (23.4) | |||
| 5000 or more | 33 (5.9) | 18 (6.3) | 9 (6.3) | 6 (4.7) | |||
| Children | |||||||
| Female, N (%) | 294 (47.1) | 166 (51.2) | 71 (44.7) | 57 (40.4) | 5.12 | – | – |
| Age, M (SD) | 8.94 (4.19) | 9.18 (4.25) | 8.12 (3.67) | 9.31 (4.49) | 7.08* | .01 |
1 > 2 1 > 3 |
| Living conditions | |||||||
| Square meters home, M (SD) | 125 (59.18) | 123.98 (58.98) | 122.07 (56.08) | 134 (64.24) | 7.60* | .007 | 3 > 2 |
| People living at home during quarantine, M (SD) | 3.92 (.90) | 3.98 (.93) | 3.87 (.83) | 3.84 (.89) | 1.93 | – | – |
| Outdoor exit (yes/no), N (%) | 356 (57.1) | 236 (72.6) | 71 (44.1) | 49 (34.8) | 71.54*** | .34 |
1 > 2 1 > 3 2 > 3 |
| Parental stress, M (SD) | 3.14 (.03) | 3.23 (.97) | 3.10 (.96) | 2.99 (.98) | 7.20* | .01 | 1 > 3 |
M Mean, SD Standard Deviation
ªCross-table (χ2) for categorical variables, and Kruskal–Wallis (χ2) for continuous variables
bEffect size = Cramer’s V for multi-categorical variables, and Epsilon-squared for continuous variables
***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05