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. 2021 Apr 7;78(11):4867–4891. doi: 10.1007/s00018-021-03821-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Muscle–bone relation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. DMD symptoms related to bones and tendons associated with skeletal muscles are listed in boxes. Molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis in the muscle–bone relation are described in the text. Abbreviations: transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Wnt/β-catenin (Wnt/β-cat), receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), interleukin (IL), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), periostin (POSTN), osteonectin (SPARC), integrin α7 (ITGA7)