Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants in the CHARLS, 2011–2015.
| Characteristics | Cleaner fuels use only (N = 3064), N (%) | Solid fuels use reported in one or two surveys only (N = 2933), N (%) | Consistent solid fuels use reported in all three surveys (N = 2671), N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| 45–65 | 2265 (74.3) | 2010 (68.9) | 1664 (62.5) |
| Over 65 | 783 (25.7) | 907 (31.1) | 1000 (37.5) |
| Missing | 16 | 16 | 7 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1322 (48.4) | 1270 (48.6) | 1165 (49.1) |
| Female | 1420 (51.6) | 1346 (51.4) | 1209 (50.9) |
| Missing | 10 | 7 | 11 |
| Urbanicity of the living place | |||
| Rural | 1003 (36.4) | 1873 (71.5) | 1993 (83.8) |
| Urban | 1755 (63.6) | 746 (28.5) | 385 (16.2) |
| Expenditure in 2015 (RMB) | |||
| ≤ 10,000 | 1845 (61.0) | 2230 (77.1) | 2115 (80.2) |
| 10,000–50,000 | 932 (30.8) | 549 (19.0) | 457 (17.3) |
| 50,000–100,000 | 128 (4.2) | 69 (2.4) | 42 (1.6) |
| 100,000 | 118 (3.9) | 44 (1.5) | 24 (0.9) |
| Missing | 41 | 41 | 33 |
| Educational level | |||
| No formal | 754 (27.4) | 1178 (45.0) | 1282 (53.9) |
| ≤ 12 years | 1872 (67.9) | 1425 (54.5) | 1083 (45.5) |
| ≥ 12 years | 130 (4.7) | 16 (0.6) | 13 (0.6) |
| Missing | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 2353 (85.3) | 2129 (81.3) | 1997 (84.0) |
| Not married | 405 (14.7) | 490 (18.7) | 381 (16.0) |
| Smoking | |||
| Active | 1229 (41.3) | 1264 (44.3) | 1192 (45.9) |
| Passive | 803 (27.0) | 760 (26.6) | 695 (26.8) |
| Never | 944 (31.7) | 829 (29.1) | 711 (27.4) |
| Missing | 88 | 80 | 73 |
| Cooking location within household | |||
| Yes | 2933 (96.4) | 2713 (93.2) | 2424 (91.8) |
| No | 111 (3.7) | 198 (6.8) | 218 (8.3) |
| Missing | 20 | 22 | 29 |
| Average hours of sleep at night | |||
| 6 | 892 (29.1) | 924 (31.5) | 921 (34.5) |
| 6–7 | 720 (23.5) | 619 (21.1) | 482 (18.1) |
| 7–9 | 1227 (40.1) | 1134 (38.7) | 980 (36.7) |
| 9 | 225 (7.3) | 256 (8.7) | 288 (10.8) |
| The number of unrested days per week | |||
| < 1 | 1522 (55.2) | 1345 (51.4) | 1180 (49.6) |
| 1–2 | 378 (13.7) | 375 (14.3) | 337 (14.2) |
| 3–4 | 389 (14.1) | 364 (13.9) | 355 (14.9) |
| 5–7 | 469 (17.0) | 535 (20.4) | 506 (21.3) |