Table 4.

Associations between solid fuels use for cooking and sleep problem with the co-occurance of depression.

Outcomesa,b	Cleaner fuels use (2861)	Consistent solid fuels use (reported in all surveys) (2491)	OR (95% CI) c	P value for cumulative years of exposured
Without sleep problems and depression	1406	923	Reference	Reference
Sleep problems only	1084	891	1.19 (1.03, 1.37)	0.06
Depression only	68	111	1.92 (1.34, 2.74)	< 0.01
With both sleep problems and depression	303	566	2.11 (1.74, 2.55)	< 0.01

^aParticipants defined as having sleep problems when they reported either having insufficient (≤ 6 hrs) or excessive (≥ 9 hrs) sleep durations or higher frequency of feeling unrested (≥ 3 days in a week).

^b596 participants with missing data on depression were excluded in the statistical analyses.

^cAccording to consistent solid fuels use and adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, household expenditure, active or passive smoking, urbanicity and cooking location within household.

^dP value was calculated using the cumulative years of solid fuels use exposure (0, 2, 4 and 6 years) fitted as a continuous variable.