Table 2.
Characteristics of the sub-group of patients with a problematic substance use.
| Baseline values (n = 74) | Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics | Baseline characteristics (N = 57) | CESD defined post-stroke depression at three months (n = 42) | Statistics p (n) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSD− (n = 19) | PSD+ (n = 23) | ||||
|
Problematic tobacco use (n = 57/74; 77%) |
Male, n (%) | 37 (64.9%) | 17 (40.5%) | 13 (31.0%) | 0.019 (42) |
| Age, m ± SD (range) | 58.2 ± 11.4 (23–80) | 60.11 ± 11.29 (40–78) | 57.35 ± 11.48 (36–80) | 0.390 (42) | |
| NIHSS at admission m ± SD (range) | 2.81 ± 3.31 (0–17) | 2.47 ± 3.15 (0–13) | 3.65 ± 3.73(0–17) | 0.121 (42) | |
| MoCA at admission m ± SD (range) | 22.4 ± 5.57 (3–29) a | 21.63 ± 5.97 (3–29) | 23.71 ± 4.06 (14–29) | 0.258 (36) | |
| MoCA at three months m ± SD (range) | 26.2 ± 3.47 (11–29) b | 25.32 ± 4.33 (11–29) | 26.90 ± 2.63 (19–29) | 0.181 (40) | |
| mRS at hospitalization, m ± SD (range) | 1.18 ± 1.20 (0–4) | 1.32 ± 1.25 (0–4) | 1.17 ± 1.32 (0–5) | 0.382 (42) | |
| mRS at three months m ± SD (range) | 1.42 ± 0.87 (0–3) c | 1.32 ± 0.75 (0–3) | 1.57 ± 0.98 (0–3) | 0.311 (41) | |
| Past or current major depression, n (%) | 15 (26.3%) | 2 (4.8%) | 9 (21.4%) | 0.075 (42) | |
| Past depression at admission, n (%) | 11 (14.9%) | 1 (2.4%) | 5 (11.9%) | – | |
| Current depression at admission, n (%) | 8 (10.8%) | 1 (2.4%) | 6 (14.3%) | ||
| FTND at admission, m ± SD (range) | 5.91 ± 1.94 (3–10) | 5.21 ± 1.93 (3–10) | 6.35 ± 1.82 (3–10) | 0.035 (42) | |
| Known risk factors (admission), n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 23 (40.4%) | 8 (19.0%) | 10 (23.8%) | 0.929 (42) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 18 (31.6%) | 5 (11.9%) | 9 (21.4%) | 0.381 (42) | |
| Diabetes | 9 (15.8%) | 4 (9.5%) | 3 (7.1%) | NA (42) | |
| Obesity | 7 (12.3%) | 3 (7.1%) | 2 (4.8%) | NA (42) | |
| Problematic substance use | |||||
| Tobacco severity (n, %) | 57 (100) | 19 (45.2%) | 23 (54.8%) | 0.510 (42) | |
| Mild severity | 14 (25.9%) d | 7 (16.7%) | 4 (9.5%) | – | |
| Moderate severity | 22 (40.7%) d | 8 (19.0%) | 10 (23.8%) | ||
| Extreme severity | 18 (33.3%) d | 4 (9.6%) | 9 (21.4%) | ||
| Drug use profile (n, %) | 57 (100) | 19 (45.2%) | 23 (54.8%) | 0.879 (42) | |
| Mono-substance abusers | 36 (63.2%) | 12 (28.6%) | 14 (33.3%) | – | |
| Poly-substance abusers | 21 (36.8%) | 7 (16.7%) | 9 (21.4%) | ||
CESD Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression scale, FTND Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, CAST Cannabis Abuse Screening Test, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Impairment, mRS modified Rankin Scale, NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, PSD+ Sub-group of patients with CESD score indexing a moderate or severe depression, PSD− Sub-group of patients with CESD score indexing no depression.
a (n = 48); b (n = 44); c (n = 45); d (n = 54);