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. 2021 Jun 25;11:13343. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92726-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

(A) Spatial representation of semantic concepts of 40 animals. The semantic similarities between animals are transformed into the spatial distances of reconstructed semantic space by multidimensional scaling. (B) Average semantic similarities of word pairs including marine mammals (MM). Semantic similarities of Fish-MM pairs were larger than pairs of terrestrial mammals (TM) and MM, indicating that marine mammals are semantically closer to fish than terrestrial mammals. (C) RT of semantic decision for MM target word in behavioral experiments. RTs for Fish-MM conditions (MM target primed by Fish) were faster than those for TM-MM conditions (MM target primed by TM), supporting the notion that marine mammals are semantically closer to fish than terrestrial mammals. Error bars show standard error. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. All the illustrations of animals are copyrighted by M/Y/D/S (Yokohama, Japan).