Table 2.

Characteristics of the clinical trials performed on COVID-19 patients^a.

Agent	Clinical trials	Objective	Intervention	Control	Primary outcome measures
Melatonin	TrialTroveID-375830	To evaluate the therapeutic effects of melatonin by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19 patients	9 mg melatonin for 7–10 nights	The usual treatment	The amount of melatonin [Time Frame: Up to 10 days]
Statins	TrialTroveID-379443	To study safety and efficacy of the combination of colchicine and rosuvastatin in addition to standard of care in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2	40 mg rosuvastatin daily and 0.6 mg colchicine twice for 3 days and then 0.6 mg daily	The standard care	COVID-19 severity (as defined by World Health Organization Ordinal Scale) [Time Frame: 30 Days]
IFN	TrialTroveID-371689	To investigate the beneficial effects of IFNβ-1a, compared to IFNβ-1b and the base therapeutic regiment in moderate to severe COVID-19	44 μg IFNβ-1a on days 1, 3, 6 (for Arm1); 0.25 mg IFNβ-1b on days 1, 3, 6 (for Arm2); 400 mg hydroxychloroquine on day 1 + 400 mg lopinavir/100 mg ritonavir twice a day for 10 days (for Arm1,2)	400 mg hydroxychloroquine on day 1 + 400 mg lopinavir/100 mg ritonavir twice a day for 10 days	Time to clinical improvement [Time Frame: From date of randomization until 14 days later]
	TrialTroveID-370679	To evaluate the efficacy and safety of IFNβ-1b in the treatment of COVID-19	250 μg IFNβ-1b subcutaneously every other day for 14 days	Hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir for at least 5 days	Response to the treatment daily; Complications of the treatment daily
	TrialTroveID-392370	To test whether IFNα-2b can provide additional benefit to these patients in terms of reduced rate of hospitalization and better time to recovery	Single dose of 1 μg/kg pegylated IFNα-2b	The standard care	Change in ordinal scale [Time Frame: From baseline to day 11]
	TrialTroveID-372573	To evaluate peginterferonλ in ambulatory and hospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19	180 μg peginterferonλ-1a at baseline and a second dose on day 7	Placebo	Proportion swab negative [Time Frame: At day 7]; Treatment-emergent and treatment related serious adverse events [Time Frame: Day 0 to day 30]; Time to viral negativity [Time Frame: Day 0 to day 28]
Sirolimus	TrialTroveID-378925	To illustrate the efficacy and safety of sirolimus as an adjuvant agent to the standard treatment protocol against COVID-19 infection	6 mg sirolimus daily on day 1 followed by 2 mg daily for 9 days	The standard care	Time to clinical recovery [Time Frame: 14−28 days]; Viral clearance [Time Frame: 14 days]
	TrialTroveID-371558	To determine if treatment with sirolimus can improve clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19	6 mg sirolimus daily on day 1 followed by 2 mg daily for the next 13 days	Placebo	Proportion of patients who are alive and free from advanced respiratory support measures at day 28 [Time Frame: 28 days]
	TrialTroveID-373755	To study the effect of hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin or sirolimus for treating COVID-19 patients	250 mg azithromycin daily for 10 days (for Arm1); 4 mg sirolimus for 1 day then 2 mg daily for 9 days (for Arm2); 600 mg hydroxychloroquine daily for 10 days (for Arm1,2)	None	Time to clinical improvement
Azithromycin	TrialTroveID-390593	To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety profile of the COVID-19 treatment protocol (containing both hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin) in an Iraqi specialized hospital	500 mg azithromycin on day 1, then 250 mg daily for 5 days + 400 mg hydroxychloro twice a day on day 1 then 200 mg twice a day for 5 days (for Arm1,2,3); 75 mg tamiflu twice a day for 5 days (for Arm2,3); 200 mg lopinavir/ 50 mg ritonavir twice a day for 5 days and antibiotic(s) accordingly (for Arm3)	None	The changes in clinical and biochemical parameters during hospitalization period such as disappearance of clinical symptoms, virologic clearance and occurrence of side effects
Cyclosporine	TrialTroveID-383935	To evaluate low doses of corticosteroids and cyclosporine combined with enoxaparin, in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia	Cyclosporine A at a dose of 1−2 mg /kg / day divided into two doses, for 7 days	The standard treatment: 0.5 mg/kg enoxaparin once, 500 mg clarithromycin twice and metylprednisolone 0.5 mg/kg once	Number of days to clinical improvement until hospital discharge or death. [Time Frame: 28 days]
Colchicine	TrialTroveID-381747	To evaluate whether the addition of colchicine to standard treatment for COVID-19 results in better outcomes	0.5 mg colchicine three times a day for 5 days, then 0.5 mg twice a day for 5 days (a loading dose of 1 mg if body weight ≥80 kg)	Placebo	Number of days of need of supplemental oxygen by catheter or masks; Number of days from the admission to the discharge; The percentage of individuals who will require admission to the intensive care unit; The percentage of death
	TrialTroveID-383970	To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral colchicine plus standard therapy versus standard therapy in the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a population group with moderate COVID-19 compromise and requiring hospitalization	1.5 mg colchicine orally on day 1 (initial 1 mg and 0.5 mg at 2 h), then 0.5 mg every 12 h on days 2 to 7, and continuing with 0.5 mg per day until completing 14 ± 1 days	The standard treatment	Number of participants who die or require transfer to intensive care unit [Time Frame: In the first 15 days after randomization]
Baricitinib	TrialTroveID-393453	To evaluate the efficacy of remdesivir and baricitinib combination therapy for the treatment of ARDS caused by COVID-19; To compare the outcome of the "remdesivir + baricitinib" against "remdesivir + tocilizumab" therapy and find the best option for the management of ARDS in COVID-19 patients	5 mg/kg (<40 kg) or 200 mg (>40 kg) remdesivir I/V on day 1, then 2.5 mg/kg (< 40 kg) or 100 mg (> 40 kg) daily following randomization (for Arm1,2); 4 mg baricitinib tablets daily for 2–4 weeks (for Arm1); 8 mg/kg tocilizumab I/V (up to 800 mg highest) 12 h apart (for Arm2)	None	Time to clinical improvement [Time Frame: Following randomization 30 days]
	TrialTroveID-376590	To evaluate the efficacy and safety of baricitinib in hospitalized adults with COVID-19	4 mg of baricitinib once daily	Placebo	Percentage of participants who die or require non-invasive ventilation/high-flow oxygen or invasive mechanical ventilation (including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) [Time Frame: Day 1 to day 28]
Acalabrutinib	TrialTroveID-374074	To investigate the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of acalabrutinib together with best supportive care in the treatment of COVID-19	100 mg acalabrutinib twice a day for 10 days	Best supportive care	Occurrence of adverse events and serious adverse events [Time Frame: Day 28]; Proportion of subject alive and free of respiratory failure [Time Frame: Day 28]
Anakinra	TrialTroveID-387990	To determine the efficacy of anakinra, an IL-1 receptor blocker, in reducing the need for mechanical ventilation and/or 28-day mortality among patients with COVID-19 who have features of cytokine storm syndrome and severe respiratory failure	Anakinra IV 4 times a day for 7 days (100 mg anakinra mixed with 100 ml of 0.9 % saline solution for IV administration)	0.9 % saline	Number of subjects alive without having required mechanical ventilation [Time Frame: 28 days post randomization]
	TrialTroveID-381687	To investigate whether anakinra may reduce the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and deaths when compared to standard of care in patients with severe COVID-19	100 mg anakinra once daily for 3 days, followed by 100 mg once every other day for 7 days	The standard treatment	Need for invasive mechanical ventilation or admission to the intensive care unit [Time Frame: From patient records between baseline and 14 days]; In-hospital mortality [Time Frame: From patient records between baseline and death or discharge]
Canakinumab	TrialTroveID-394661	To evaluate canakinumab to improve respiratory function and laboratory parameters compared with standard therapy (hydroxycloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir)	300 mg canakinumab by single subcutaneous administration	Standard therapy: hydroxycloroqui + lopinavir/ritonavir	/
Sarilumab	TrialTroveID-374439	To generate a rapid, still robustly documented, evidence on the potential clinical efficacy and tolerability of a further IL-6R antagonist in COVID-19 pneumonia	Sarilumab prefilled syringe	None	Proportion of patients who show an improvement of the respiratory function [Time Frame: 6 weeks]
Tocilizumab	TrialTroveID-395500	To analyze the effectiveness of tocilizumab in moderate to severe COVID-19 participants on the basis of predefined assessment criteria	Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg (up to 800 mg/dose) over 1 h, followed by up to three additional doses if required as per the response after the first dose with 8 h intervals	80 mg methylprednisolne daily in two divided doses as per national/local guidelines	Decreased mortality in participants [Time Frame: 30 days]; Hospital & intensive care unit stay in days [Time Frame: 14 days]
	TrialTroveID-379637	To assess the effects of tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antagonist, on intra-hospital mortality and development of positive cultures in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit	A single dose of 400 mg intravenous tocilizumab twice a day	The standard care	Intra-hospital mortality
Dornase alfa	TrialTroveID-371650	To evaluate the efficacy and safety of aerosolized intra-tracheal dornase alfa administration in mechanically ventilated patients hospitalized for COVID-19-related ARDS	2500 IU dornase alfa inhalation solution twice daily, 12 h apart, for 7 consecutive days	The usual care	Efficacy of intra-tracheal administration [Time Frame: Day 7]; Improvement in the ARDS scale severity (Berlin criteria). [Time Frame: Day 7]

^aCharacteristics of each clinical trial obtained from Citeline.informa.com.