Table 1.
The characteristics of randomized controlled studies.
| Author, year of report | Study site | Study duration | Size of study group (intervention) | Size of control group (comparator) | Primary outcome | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remdesivir | ||||||
| Beigel et al., 202012 | Multicenter in 10 countries | Between February 21 and April 19, 2020 | 541 | 521 (Placebo) | Time to recovery | 10 (9–11) vs. 15 (13–18) day; recovery rate ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12–1.49 |
| Goldman et al., 202013 | 55 hospitals in eight countries | Between March 6 and March 26, 2020 | 200 (5-days) | 197 (10-days) | A clinical improvement of two points or more on the ordinal scale on day 14 | 64% vs. 54% (p = 0.14) |
| Kalil et al., 202114 | 67 sites in eight countries: | Between May 8 and July 1, 2020 | 515 (plus baricitinib) | 518 (placebo) | Time to recovery | 7 days vs. 8 days; recovery rate ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01–1.32 |
| Pan et al., 202115 | 405 hospitals in 30 countries | From March 22 to October 4, 2020 | 2750 | 2725 (no trial drug) | In-hospital mortality | Rate ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.81–1.11 |
| Spinner et al., 202016 | 105 hospitals in the US, Europe, and Asia | Between March 15 and April 18, 2020 | 197 (10-days), 199 (5-days) | 200 (standard care) | Clinical status on day 11 on a 7-point ordinal scale | 65% (10-days) vs. 70% (5-days) vs. 61% (standard care); 5-days vs. control; 9.7 (0.1–19.1); 10-days vs. control, 4.8 (−2.0–14.4) |
| Wang et al., 202017 | 10 hospitals in Hubei, China | Between Feb 6 and March 12, 2020 | 158 | 78 (Placebo) | Time to clinical improvement within 28 days | 21 (13–28) vs. 23 (15–28) day; hazard ratio, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.87–1.75 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | ||||||
| Pan et al., 202115 | 405 hospitals in 30 countries | From March 22 to October 4, 2020 | 1411 | 1380 (no trial drug) | In-hospital mortality | Rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.79–1.25 |
| Cao et al., 202020 | Single-center in Hubei Province, China | From January 18 to February 3, 2020 | 99 | 100 (standard care) | Time to clinical improvement | Hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.95–1.80 |
| Li et al., 202021 | Single center in China | From February 1 to March 28, 2020 | 34 | 17 (no antiviral medication) | Rate of positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid | Virological eradication rate on day 7 (35.3% vs. 41.2%) and 14 (85.3% vs. 76.5%); both p > 0.05 |
| RECOVERY Collaborative Group, 202022 | 176 hospitals in the UK | Between March 19 and June 29, 2020 | 1616 | 3424 (usual care) | 28-day all-cause mortality | 23% vs. 22%, rate ratio 1·03, 95% CI, 0·91–1·17 |
| Favipiravir | ||||||
| Ivashchenko et al., 202024 | 6 sites in Russia | Between April and May 2020 | 40 | 20 (standard care) | Elimination of SARS-CoV-2 on day 10 | 92.5% vs. 80.0%, p = 0.155 |
| Udwadia, 202125 | 7 sites in India | From May 14 to July 3, 2020 | 75 | 75 (standard care) | Time to the cessation of viral shedding | 5 days vs. 7 days, p = 0.129 |
| Khamis et al., 202026 | Single center in Oman | From June 22 to August 13, 2020 | 44 (plus inhaled interferon beta-1b) | 45 (HCQ) | Improvement in levels of inflammatory markers | No significant difference for CRP, ferritin, LDH, and IL-6 (all p > 0.05) |
| Lou et al., 202127 | Single center in China | Since February 3, 2020 | 9 | 10 | Percentage of subjects with viral negative test on day 14 and the time from randomization to clinical improvement | 77% vs. 100%, p > 0.05 14 (6–38) days vs. 15 (6–24) days, p > 0.05 |
| Dabbous et al., 202128 | Multicenter in Egypt | From April to August 2020 | 44 | 48 (CQ) | Duration of hospitalization | 13.3 ± 5.9 days vs. 15.9 ± 4.8 days, p = 0.06 |
| Doi et al., 202029 | 25 hospitals in Japan | From March 2 to May 18, 2020 | 44 (early treatment) | 45 (late treatment) | Viral clearance on day 6 | 66.7% vs. 56.1%, hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 0.76–2.62 |
| Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir | ||||||
| Abbaspour Kasgari et al., 202035 | Single center in Iran | Between March 20 and April 8, 2020 | 24 (plus ribavirin) | 24 | Duration of hospital stay | 6 [5–7] days vs. 6 [5–8] days, p = 0.033 |
| Eslami et al., 202036 | Single center in Iran | Between March 18 and April 16, 2020 | 35 | 27 (ribavirin) | Duration of hospital stays | 5 days vs. 9 days, p < 0.01 |
| Sadeghi et al., 202037 | Multicenter in Iran | Between March 26 and April 26, 2020 | 33 | 33 | Clinical recovery within 14 days | 88% vs. 67%, p = 0.076 |
| Roozbeh et al., 202138 | Single center in Iran | Between April 8 and May 19, 2020 | 27 (plus HCQ) | 28 (HCQ) | Symptom alleviation after 7 days of follow-up | No significant difference in symptom response for fever, cough, sore throat, headache, myalgia, xerostomia, and olfactory loss (all p > 0.05) |
| Sofosbuvir/ledipasvir | ||||||
| Khalili et al., 202040 | Single center in Iran | NA | 42 | 40 (standard care) | Clinical response | 90.48% vs. 92.5%, p = 0.65 |
| Umifenovir | ||||||
| Li et al., 202021 | Single center in China | From February 1 to March 28, 2020 | 35 | 17 (no antiviral medication) | Rate of positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid | Virological eradication rate on day 7 (37.1% vs. 41.2%) and 14 (91.4% vs. 76.5%) both p > 0.05 |
| Nojomi et al., 202042 | Single center in Iran | Between April 20 and June 18, 2020 | 50 | 50 (HCQ) | Hospitalization duration and clinical improvement after 7 days of admission | 7.2 days vs. 9.6 days, p = 0.02 94% vs. 92%, p = 0.02 |
| Baloxavir | ||||||
| Lou et al., 202127 | Single center in China | Since February 3, 2020 | 10 | 10 | Percentage of subjects with viral negative test on day and the time from randomization to clinical improvement | 70% vs. 100%, p > 0.05 14 (6–49) days vs. 15 (6–24) days, p > 0.05 |
| Darunavir/cobicistat | ||||||
| Chen et al., 202048 | Single center in China | From January 30 to February 6, 2020 | 15 | 15 | Virological clearance rate of oropharyngeal swabs on day 7 | 46.7% vs. 60.0%, p = 0.72 |
CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; IL-6, interleukin-6; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; CQ, chloroquine; NA, not applicable.