Table 5.
Associations between preeclampsia and COVID-19 diagnosis with adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomesa
| Outcomes | n (%) with the outcome | All women | Nulliparous | Parous |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preterm birth | ||||
| No preeclampsia, no COVID-19 diagnosis | 163 (12.2) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| No preeclampsia, with COVID-19 diagnosis | 119 (19.6) | 1.57 (1.27–1.95)b | 1.66 (1.16–2.38)b | 1.50 (1.14–1.96)b |
| Preeclampsia, no COVID-19 diagnosis | 28 (45.2) | 3.48 (2.54–4.76)b | 4.14 (2.72–6.30)b | 2.49 (1.58–3.93)b |
| Preeclampsia, with COVID-19 diagnosis | 33 (56.9) | 4.05 (2.99–5.49)b | 6.26 (4.35–9.00)b | 3.01 (1.92–4.72)b |
| Small for gestational age | ||||
| No preeclampsia, no COVID-19 diagnosis | 162 (12.6) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| No preeclampsia, with COVID-19 diagnosis | 69 (11.6) | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 0.77 (0.50–1.16) |
| Preeclampsia, no COVID-19 diagnosis | 11 (17.5) | 1.48 (0.80–2.71) | 1.65 (0.81–3.34) | 0.98 (0.33–2.88) |
| Preeclampsia, with COVID-19 diagnosis | 17 (29.3) | 2.32 (1.50–3.58)b | 2.61 (1.55–4.40)b | 2.33 (1.06–5.13)b |
| Severe perinatal morbidity and mortality indexc | ||||
| No preeclampsia, no COVID-19 diagnosis | 100 (7.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| No preeclampsia, with COVID-19 diagnosis | 100 (15.9) | 2.16 (1.63–2.86)b | 2.41 (1.54–3.77)b | 1.91 (1.33–2.74)b |
| Preeclampsia, no COVID-19 diagnosis | 15 (22.4) | 2.53 (1.44–4.45)b | 3.22 (1.51–6.88)b | 1.76 (0.77–4.02) |
| Preeclampsia, with COVID-19 diagnosis | 16 (27.1) | 2.84 (1.67–4.82)b | 3.88 (1.89–7.96)b | 2.25 (1.06–4.80)b |
| Composite maternal morbidity and mortality indexd | ||||
| No preeclampsia, no COVID-19 diagnosis | 188 (14.1) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| No preeclampsia, with COVID-19 diagnosis | 157 (25.8) | 1.84 (1.52–2.22)b | 1.76 (1.32–2.35)b | 1.85 (1.45–2.38)b |
| Preeclampsia, no COVID-19 diagnosis | 16 (25.8) | 1.74 (1.11–2.71)b | 2.07 (1.20–3.57)b | 1.31 (0.62–2.77) |
| Preeclampsia, with COVID-19 diagnosis | 23 (39.7) | 2.51 (1.72–3.67)b | 2.77 (1.66–4.63)b | 2.35 (1.32–4.18)b |
The unadjusted models are presented in Supplemental Table 1. The total numbers reflect the number of participants with complete outcome and covariate data in the final models.
Ref, reference group.
Papageorghiou et al. Preeclampsia and COVID-19. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021.
Adjusted for maternal age, previous parity (nulliparous vs parous), tobacco use during pregnancy, overweight status (normal, underweight, overweight, or obese), or history of diabetes, cardiac disease, hypertension, kidney disease, or history of adverse pregnancy outcomes
P<.05
Severe perinatal morbidity and mortality index includes at least 1 of the following morbidities: bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, sepsis, anemia requiring transfusion, patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, intrauterine or neonatal death, or neonatal intensive care unit stay of ≥7 days
Composite maternal morbidity and mortality index includes at least 1 of the following morbidities: third trimester vaginal bleeding, preterm labor, infections requiring antibiotics, maternal admission to the intensive care unit, referral to a higher level of care, or maternal death.