Table 1.

Top methylated genes/signatures and ncRNAs identified in liquid biopsies from cancer patients, with an emerging role as biomarkers. BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; BAS: bronchoalveolar aspirate; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid.

Epigenetic Alteration	Gene Name(s)/Epigenetic Kit	Type of Liquid Biopsy	Intended Use	Reference
LUNG CANCER
DNA methylation	-SHOX2/PTGER4 (EpiProLung)® -Gene sets including RASFF1A and other genes -BCAT1/CDO1/TRIM58/ZNF177	Blood	Diagnosis	[66]
		BAL/sputum	Diagnosis	[54,55,56,57,62]
		BAS/BAL/sputum	Diagnosis	[58]
ncRNAs	-miR21	Blood	Diagnosis	[74]
	-Several miRNA signatures	Blood	Diagnosis	[72,73]
GENITOURINARY CANCERS
DNA methylation	-Gene sets including GSTP1, RASFF1A, APC, ARF and RARB2 -Several gene sets (AssureMDx®, Bladder CARE®, Bladder EPICHECK®) -GSTP1 and HOXD3 (ProCUrE, Prostate cancer)	Urine, blood	Diagnosis	[94,96]
		Urine, blood	Diagnosis	[103,108]
		Urine	Diagnosis	[116]
ncRNAs	-Several miRNA and lncRNA signatures	Blood	Diagnosis	[118,119,120]
BREAST CANCER
DNA methylation	-Gene sets including GSTP1, RASFF1A, BRCA1 and RARB2 -PITX2	Blood Blood	Diagnosis Prognosis/response	[129,130,131,132,133,136,137,138,139] [144,145]
ncRNAs	-miR21 -Several miRNA signatures	Blood	Diagnosis	[148]
		Blood	Diagnosis	[149,151]
COLORECTAL CANCER
DNA methylation	-SEPT9 (EpiProColon®)	Stool, blood,	Diagnosis	[161,162]
	-SEPT9 and SDC2 (ColoDefense®)	Stool, blood	Diagnosis	[158]
	-p16, RASFF1A, RARB2	Blood	Diagnosis, prognosis	[168,169,170,171]
	-BCAT1 and IKZF1	Blood	Diagnosis	[172]
ncRNAs	-miR21	Blood, saliva	Diagnosis	[174,175]
	-Several miRNA signatures	Blood	Diagnosis	[176,177]
OTHER CANCER TYPES AND MULTI-CANCER BIOMARKERS
DNA methylation	-RASFF1A (melanoma)	Blood	Diagnosis	[184]
	-MGMT (glioblastoma)	CSF	Response to therapy	[191]
	-RASFF1A, p16, TIMP3 (oral cancer)	Blood, saliva	Diagnosis, prognosis	[193]
	-DNA methylation signature PanSeer®	Blood	Diagnosis	[194]
	-DNA methylation signature GRAIL®	Blood	Diagnosis	[169]
ncRNAs	-Several miRNA signatures	Blood	Diagnosis	[186,187,188,189]