Table 1.
Expression status of sPD-L1 detected in non-oncology pathologies.
| Pathology or Condition | sPD-L1 Status and/or Function | References |
|---|---|---|
| Allergic rhinitis (AL) | Increased expression levels of both sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in peripheral blood of AR patients. | [134] |
| Acute liver failure (ALF) | sPD-L1 plasma levels increased in patients with ALF, notably in patients who developed sepsis or had a poor outcome. | [135] |
| Acute pancreatitis (AP) | Higher serum sPD-1 levels in AP patients with infection complications compared to patients without complication. Upregulation of sPD-L1 in patients with early AP and infectious complications. | [136,137] |
| HIV-1 infection (AIDS) | Much higher levels of sPD-L1 in HIV-infected patients compared to uninfected adults. | [138,139] |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | sPD-L1 upregulated in survivors of direct ARDS compared to non-survivors. sPD-L1 induces apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages in ARDS patients. | [140] |
| Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) | Higher level of circulation sPD-L1 in patients with severe CAP compared to CAP group and healthy controls. Correlation between sPD-L1 level in CAP patients and survival prognosis. | [141] |
| Crohn’s disease | mPD-L1 cleaved from the cell surface by MMP-10 to generate a soluble form of PD-L1. | [28] |
| Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) | High level of serum sPD-L1 in CHC patients associated with disease progression. | [142] |
| Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) | Elevated amount of sPD-L1 (and IFN-g) in the sera of patients with T2DM compared to controls, notably in T2DM patients with an acute coronary syndrome. | [143] |
| Endometriosis | Elevated level of sPD-L1 in the serum and peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis vs. control. | [144] |
| Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) | Elevated concentrations of sPD-L1 in the serum of IPF patients compared to healthy population. | [27] |
| Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) | Decreased levels of sPD-L1 in patients with newly diagnosed ITP compared to patients with chronic ITP. | [145] |
| Oral lichen planus (OLP) | Higher expression of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in patients with OLP than in control group. Negative correlation between sPD-L1 expression level and CD4+ T lymphocytes. | [146] |
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | higher levels of sPD-L1 in severe OSA compared to mild OSA or non-OSA patients. | [147,148] |
| Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) | Higher levels of both sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in RAU patients compared to control group. | [149] |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) | Increased concentrations of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in knee synovial fluid and serum in the rabbits of the RA-model group compared to control. Increased levels of sPD-1 in RA and PsA. | [150,151] |
| Sepsis | High levels of circulating sPD-L1 in sepsis, positively correlated with the sepsis severity. | [135,152] |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | Higher levels of both sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in SLE patients compared to control group. | [153] |
| Cutaneous systemic sclerosis (SSc) | Elevated levels of sPD-L1 in patients with diffuse or limited cutaneous SSc. Possible marker of the severity of skin sclerosis. | [154] |
| Hantavirus-associated virus hemorrhagic fever (VHF) | High amounts of sPD-L1 and sPD-L2 in sera from hantavirus-infected patients. | [155] |