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. 2021 Jun 21;13(6):1179. doi: 10.3390/v13061179

Figure 2.

Figure 2

EPAC2-mediated cytokine/chemokine induction by HMPV. (A,B) A549 (A) or SAE (B) cells in triplicate were infected with HMPV at an MOI of 1. At 2 h p.i., cells were treated with DMSO, 20 μM CE3F4, or 20 μM MAY0132. At 15 h post-treatment, the supernatant was collected, and the amount of diluted or undiluted cytokines/chemokines was measured by Bio-Plex. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01, relative to the DMSO-treated group. (C–E) A549 cells in triplicate were infected with HMPV, followed by the drug treatment as described in (A). At 4 h post-treatment, total RNA was extracted and subjected to qRT-PCR to measure HMPV genome copies (C), N gene expression (D), and IP-10 production (E). DMSO-treated mock infection was used as a negative control for DMSO-treated HMPV infection. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01, relative to the DMSO-treated and HMPV-infected group.