Table 1.
Clinical parameters related to severity of patients with COVID-19
| Related functions | Clinical parametersa | Non-severe |
Severe (survivors) |
Severe (non-survivors) |
p value 1b | p value 2b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Samples (n) | n, % (95% CI) | Samples (n) | n, % (95% CI) | Samples (n) | n, % (95% CI) | ||||
| Gender | sex (male) ↑→ | 369 | 156, 42.3% (37.3%–47.4%) | 354 | 193, 56.2% (51.6%–60.7%) | 60 | 38, 58.2% (47.2%–68.5%) | <0.0001 | 0.733 |
| Complication |
hypertension ↑→ | 369 | 106, 28.7% (23.3%–33.5%) | 354 | 176, 49.7% (42.6%–51.7%) | 60 | 24, 40.0% (28.6–52.6%) | <0.0001 | 0.164 |
| diabetes ↑→ | 369 | 49, 13.3% (10.2%–17.1%) | 354 | 82, 23.2% (19.1%–27.8%) | 60 | 15, 25.0% (15.8%–37.2%) | 0.0006 | 0.756 | |
| Related functions | Clinical parameters | Samples (n) | Median (IQR) | Samples (n) | Median (IQR) | Samples (n) | Median (IQR) | p value 1 | p value 2 |
| Age | age ↑↑ | 369 | 58 (47, 67.5) | 354 | 65 (56, 72) | 60 | 68 (59.5, 78) | 2.74E−14 | 2.27E−03 |
| Infection | lymphocyte (no.) ↓↓ | 246 | 1.115 (0.7875, 1.5525) | 305 | 0.85 (0.5825, 1.17) | 48 | 0.64 (0.45, 0.86) | 7.39E−14 | 1.86E−04 |
| lymphocyte (%) ↓↓ | 246 | 22.5 (15.25, 29.625) | 305 | 13.4 (9.1, 20.275) | 48 | 8.4 (4.9, 12.2) | 4.07E−25 | 3.42E−07 | |
| neutrophils (no.) ↑↑ | 246 | 3.57 (2.49, 4.94) | 305 | 4.795 (3.4175, 6.7825) | 48 | 6.77 (4.5, 11.38) | 6.63E−15 | 3.33E−05 | |
| neutrophils (%) ↑↑ | 246 | 66.9 (58.6, 76.1) | 305 | 77.75 (70.05, 85) | 48 | 86.4 (80.8, 90.1) | 8.47E−24 | 3.42E−07 | |
| eosinophils (no.) ↓↓ | 246 | 0.03 (0, 0.08) | 305 | 0.01 (0, 0.0575) | 48 | 0 (0, 0.01) | 3.27E−04 | 3.30E−04 | |
| eosinophils (%) ↓↓ | 246 | 0.5 (0, 1.4) | 305 | 0.2 (0, 0.9) | 48 | 0 (0, 0.2) | 2.51E−05 | 5.20E−05 | |
| basophils (%) ↓↓ | 246 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 305 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | 48 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 2.39E−06 | 0.01 | |
| monocytes (%) ↓↓ | 246 | 8.4 (6.6, 10.1) | 305 | 7.3 (4.825, 9.6) | 48 | 4.9 (2.7, 7.2) | 1.98E−06 | 3.89E−05 | |
| white blood cells ↑↑ | 246 | 5.375 (4.1775, 6.95) | 305 | 6.29 (4.8625, 8.405) | 43 | 8.03 (5.49, 13.08) | 1.19E−08 | 1.27E−04 | |
| CRP ↑↑ | 228 | 20.15 (5.3, 57.95) | 277 | 55.5 (20.1, 102.4) | 38 | 86.25 (50.85, 170.15) | 2.42E−14 | 5.26E−05 | |
| procalcitonin ↑↑ | 197 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.09) | 236 | 0.07 (0.04, 0.18) | 43 | 0.18 (0.09, 0.9) | 2.18E−09 | 2.20E−07 | |
| globulin ↑→ | 228 | 33.3 (30.1, 36.8) | 284 | 35.05 (32.025, 38.7) | 40 | 35.8 (31.55, 40.05) | 7.61E−06 | 0.45 | |
| Blood coagulation | d-dimer ↑↑ | 216 | 0.68 (0.36, 1.55) | 251 | 1.29 (0.68, 2.47) | 41 | 2.82 (1.41, 13.545) | 1.87E−11 | 1.84E−07 |
| prothrombin activity ↓↓ | 218 | 92 (85, 101) | 256 | 88 (80, 96.25) | 41 | 78 (69, 89) | 7.64E−06 | 4.51E−06 | |
| prothrombin time ↑↑ | 218 | 13.8 (13.3, 14.375) | 256 | 14.1 (13.5, 14.825) | 36 | 15 (14.1, 15.9) | 1.23E−06 | 8.27E−06 | |
| fibrinogen ↑→ | 200 | 4.935 (3.975, 5.76) | 211 | 5.47 (4.64, 6.47) | 23 | 5.215 (3.4, 6.525) | 1.91E−06 | 0.12 | |
| FDP ↑↑ | 102 | 4 (4, 5.3) | 99 | 4.4 (4, 7.8) | 48 | 13.6 (6.8, 51.55) | 1.10E−03 | 1.66E−06 | |
| platelet count → ↓ | 246 | 219 (162, 278) | 305 | 222 (165, 295) | 46 | 179 (119, 247) | 0.51 | 1.88E−04 | |
| Plateletcrit → | 239 | 0.23 (0.18, 0.29) | 300 | 0.24 (0.18, 0.31) | 43 | 0.2 (0.14, 0.26) | 0.29 | 6.67E−04 | |
| Cardiac injury | LDH ↑↑ | 229 | 251 (210, 306) | 284 | 330.5 (270.25, 443) | 41 | 480 (364, 552.5) | 7.19E−23 | 1.95E−07 |
| hs-cTnI ↑↑ | 167 | 4 (1.9, 8.525) | 211 | 7.25 (3.8, 15.025) | 37 | 24.4 (8.1, 103.7) | 4.00E-09 | 2.35E-08 | |
| NT-proBNP ↑↑ | 142 | 99.5 (33.75, 281.25) | 189 | 269 (113.75, 569.25) | 23 | 942.5 (349.25, 2,794.25) | 1.82E-11 | 7.08E-08 | |
| myoglobin ↑↑ | 66 | 40.1 (29.825, 76.625) | 93 | 75.3 (46.625, 124.325) | 43 | 157.7 (85.5, 344.85) | 4.71E−06 | 2.50E−04 | |
| Liver Injury | aspartate aminotransferase ↑↑ | 229 | 25 (18, 37) | 284 | 31 (22, 48) | 43 | 38 (25.5, 55.5) | 4.57E−07 | 0.02 |
| alanine aminotransferase ↑→ | 229 | 21 (13, 39.5) | 284 | 28 (18, 44) | 43 | 29 (18, 39) | 3.10E−04 | 0.56 | |
| γ-GT ↑→ | 228 | 29 (18, 53) | 284 | 35 (22, 71) | 43 | 40 (27, 87.5) | 8.74E−04 | 0.11 | |
| total bilirubin ↑↑ | 228 | 8.6 (6.4, 11.7) | 284 | 10.05 (8, 13.875) | 43 | 12 (9.4, 18.1) | 1.39E−07 | 5.85E−03 | |
| direct bilirubin ↑↑ | 228 | 3.7 (2.7, 5) | 284 | 4.65 (3.5, 6.475) | 41 | 5.4 (4.1, 9.7) | 5.39E−10 | 5.39E−03 | |
| indirect bilirubin ↑→ | 224 | 4.8 (3.5, 6.425) | 283 | 5.2 (4, 7.6) | 43 | 5.8 (4.325, 7.475) | 9.45E−04 | 0.34 | |
| albumin ↓↓ | 228 | 35.7 (32.8, 38.7) | 284 | 32.6 (30.025, 35.4) | 43 | 32 (29.3, 34.3) | 3.13E−16 | 0.07 | |
| albumin-to-globulin ratio ↓↓ | 228 | 1.06 (0.92, 1.26) | 284 | 0.92 (0.8, 1.0775) | 43 | 0.87 (0.775, 0.995) | 2.51E−15 | 0.12 | |
| total protein ↓→ | 228 | 69.3 (65.8, 72.9) | 284 | 67.8 (64.325, 72.125) | 43 | 68.5 (62.9, 72.65) | 8.14E−03 | 0.72 | |
| total cholesterol ↓→ | 228 | 3.81 (3.24, 4.41) | 284 | 3.55 (3.0625, 4.04) | 30 | 3.48 (2.975, 4.1) | 6.30E−05 | 0.84 | |
| ferritin ↑↑ | 119 | 488.5 (303.85, 745.95) | 121 | 852.85 (525.5, 1,542.975) | 43 | 1,340.4 (953.3, 2,005.45) | 3.38E−10 | 6.39E−03 | |
| alkaline phosphatase →↑ | 228 | 65 (54, 82) | 284 | 67 (55.25, 86) | 43 | 80 (60, 102) | 0.30 | 3.46E−03 | |
| Kidney injury | creatinine →↑ | 228 | 67 (57, 82) | 282 | 69 (56.75, 86) | 23 | 82 (66.5, 102.5) | 0.15 | 3.25E−04 |
| creatine kinase ↑↑ | 61 | 0.6 (0.4, 1.425) | 89 | 1 (0.675, 1.9) | 41 | 1.8 (1, 2.95) | 1.77E−03 | 2.70E−03 | |
| eGFR ↓↓ | 225 | 92.7 (79.1, 104.45) | 272 | 89.7 (76.3, 99.3) | 43 | 69.9 (47.7, 91) | 7.70E−03 | 1.96E−05 | |
| bicarbonate →↓ | 228 | 24.3 (22.9, 26.1) | 282 | 24.1 (22.4, 26.1) | 43 | 21.9 (19.5, 24) | 0.35 | 1.95E−06 | |
| urea ↑↑ | 228 | 4.2 (3.3, 5.4) | 282 | 4.9 (3.575, 6.325) | 43 | 8 (5.75, 12.2) | 6.21E−05 | 2.02E−11 | |
| uric acid →↑ | 228 | 253 (198.1, 309) | 282 | 236 (181.75, 298.125) | 11 | 270 (184.5, 388) | 0.05 | 0.03 | |
| Thyroid function | free T3 ↓↓ | 56 | 4.38 (3.57, 4.82) | 62 | 3.67 (3.3, 4.32) | 11 | 2.94 (2.6475, 3.22) | 2.66E−03 | 6.31E−05 |
| free T4 ↑→ | 56 | 17.5 (15.07, 20.08) | 62 | 19.63 (16.89, 21.35) | 13 | 17.25 (16.25, 17.985) | 1.49E−03 | 0.10 | |
| Cytokines | IL-6 ↑↑ | 47 | 6.025 (2.6225, 28) | 32 | 24.785 (5.5575, 59.565) | 12 | 89.47 (16.82, 283.7) | 1.17E−03 | 8.65E−03 |
| IL-8↑↑ | 40 | 7.5 (5, 13.4) | 29 | 10.9 (6.275, 21.9) | 12 | 30.95 (16.975, 156.175) | 0.02 | 7.67E−04 | |
| IL-10 →↑ | 40 | 5 (5, 5.7) | 29 | 5 (5, 9.2) | 12 | 10.8 (6.9, 22.6) | 0.09 | 8.60E−04 | |
| IL-2R ↑↑ | 40 | 395 (243, 676) | 29 | 731.5 (413, 1,007) | 12 | 1,321.5 (811.5, 2,083.5) | 4.77E-04 | 7.05E-04 | |
| TNF-α ↑↑ | 40 | 7.3 (5.3, 9.2) | 29 | 8.55 (6.375, 12.25) | 42 | 14.15 (10.15, 21.15) | 0.04 | 9.69E−04 | |
| Others | Glucose ↑↑ | 215 | 5.9 (5.1975, 7.02) | 275 | 6.69 (5.6575, 8.8275) | 47 | 7.42 (6.4375, 9.1475) | 1.78E−08 | 0.01 |
| RDW (CV) →↑ | 242 | 12.3 (11.9, 13) | 303 | 12.4 (11.9, 13) | 47 | 12.85 (12.2, 14.1) | 0.39 | 7.13E−05 | |
| RDW (SD) →↑ | 242 | 40 (38, 42.1) | 303 | 40 (38.4, 42.125) | 43 | 41.55 (39.8, 44.225) | 0.46 | 3.63E−04 | |
| potassium →↑ | 228 | 4.18 (3.82, 4.51) | 282 | 4.17 (3.78, 4.54) | 43 | 4.42 (3.865, 4.79) | 0.97 | 0.02 | |
| chlorine ↓→ | 228 | 100.8 (98.225, 103) | 282 | 100 (97.1, 102.725) | 43 | 100.6 (97.75, 103.8) | 9.61E−03 | 0.18 | |
| calcium ↓→ | 228 | 2.17 (2.11, 2.27) | 282 | 2.11 (2.05, 2.2) | 43 | 2.11 (2.04, 2.17) | 1.19E−10 | 0.50 | |
| sodium ↓→ | 228 | 139.8 (137.5, 141.875) | 282 | 138.9 (136.3, 141.225) | 59 | 139.2 (136.25, 141.8) | 3.01E−03 | 0.54 | |
↓, significantly decrease; ↑, significantly increase; →, no significant change. CPR, C-reactve protein; FDP, fibrinogen degradation product; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; hs-cTnI, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; eGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; RDW (CV), red cell volume distribution width (coefficient of variation); RDW (SD), red cell volume distribution width (standard deviation).
a
The two arrows immediately after each clinical parameter indicate the change of severe survivors compared with non-severe patients and severe non-survivors compared with severe survivors, respectively.
b
p value 1: comparison between non-severe and severe survivors; p value 2: comparison between severe survivors and non-survivors.