Table 1.
Effect of ERMs on the biology of representative viruses.
| Substance (Relation to Estrogen) | Virus | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Estradiol | SARS−CoV−2 | Blocking of virus entry [36] |
| Bazedoxifene (agonist/antagonist) | EBOLA SARS−CoV−2 |
Blocking of endolysosomal system [37] Interaction with SARS−CoV−2 main protease [38] |
| Clomiphene (analogue) | SARS−CoV−2 EBOLA |
Blocking of endolysosomal system [39] Blocking of virus entry [37,40,41,42,43,44,45] |
| Cyclofenil (agonist/antagonist) | Dengue, Zika | RNA synthesis inhibition [46] |
| Genestin (analogue) | Adenoviruses Bovine herpesvirus 1 Virus herpes simplex 1/2 Human herpesvirus 8 Moloney murine leukemia Rotaviruses Simian virus 40 Human cytomegalovirus Human immunodeficiency 1 |
Blocking of virus entry [47] Reduction in virus replication [48] Blocking of virus entry and translation [49] Reduction in virus DNA synthesis [50] Blocking of virus entry [51] |
| Genistein (analogue) | Arenaviruses Bovine viral diarrhoea African swine fever virus |
Inhibition of tyrosinkinase [52] Blocking of virus entry and translation [49] Disruption of DNA synthesis [53] |
| Quercetin (analogue) | Adenoviruses | Blocking of virus entry and translation [49] |
| Quinestrol (analogue) | Flaviviruses (ZIKA, Dengue, West Nile) | Reduction in virus RNA synthesis [54] |
| Raloxifene (agonist/antagonist) | Flaviviruses (ZIKA, Dengue, West Nile) EBOLA, SARS−CoV−2 |
Reduction in virus RNA synthesis [54,55] Blocking of virus entry [44,56,57,58,59,60] |
| Ridaifene-b(+XL-147) (Tamoxifen analogue without effect on ER) |
EBOLA | Blocking of virus entry [42] |
| Tamoxifen (agonist/antagonist) | MERS Vesicular stomatitis virus EBOLA |
Inhibition of virus replication [61] Inhibition of virus replication and activation of macrophages [62] Blocking of virus entry [45,58] |
| Toremifene (agonist/antagonist) | MERS EBOLA SARS−CoV−2 |
Inhibition of virus replication [61] Blocking of virus entry [43,58,63,64] Blocking of virus entry [65,66] |