Table 3.

Summarization of the potential role of ERMs including estrogen in COVID-19.

Function	Potential Effect of ERM	Dependence on ERM Binding to ER	Potential Clinical/Therapeutic Effect
Pulmonary function	Stimulated	Yes [21,29]	Yes
ACE2 expression in airways	Reduced	Yes [9]	Yes
Cardiovascular function	Stimulated	Yes [21]	Yes
Vascular endothelium injury	Reduced	No [21]	Yes
Increased vascular permeability	Reduced	Yes/No [21]	Yes
Immune response against SARS−CoV−2	Stimulated	Yes [16]	Yes
Sensitivity to vaccination	Stimulated	Yes [16]	Yes
Hypersecretion of cytokines including IL-6	Reduced	Yes [16,68]	Yes
IL-6 binding to receptor	Reduced	No [96,99]	Yes
Virus replication (virus entry)	Reduced	Yes/No (see Table 1)	Yes
Virus replication (release of RNA from endosome)	Reduced	No (see Table 1)	Yes
Virus replication (inhibition of proteases)	Reduced	No (see Table 1, [77])	Yes