Table 1.
Gene expression analysis in sperm, testis tissue and semen of fertile and infertile men
| Gene name | Function | Sample type | AssociationP value | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B | Methylation of DNA | Semen | No | (7) | |
| RXFP3 | Peptide receptor | Spermatozoa | No | (8) | |
| PLCζ | Phospholipase (testis-specific) | Semen | Yes | (9) | |
| PLCζ | Phospholipase (testis-specific) | Sperm | YesP≤0.05 | (10) | |
| PLCζ and CAPZA3 | Phospholipase (testis-specific)/F-actin capping protein | Semen | Yes | (11) | |
| PLCζ and PAWP | Phospholipase (testis-specific)/Meiotic resumption | Semen | Yes | (12) | |
| PLCζ, PAWP and TR-KIT | Phospholipase (testis-specific)/Meiotic resumption/KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase | Semen | Yes | (13) | |
| PAWP | Meiotic resumption | Semen | YesP<0.05 | (14) | |
| TR-KIT | KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase | Semen | YesP<0.01 | (15) | |
| JMJD1A | Demethylase | Testis tissue | Yes | (16) | |
| PRM1, PRM2, YBX2 and JHDM2A | Compact sperm DNA (testis-specific)/DNA- RNA-binding protein (testis-specific)/Demethylase | Testis tissue | Yes/No for JHDM2A | (17) | |
| YBX2 and JHDM2A | DNA- RNA-binding protein (testis-specific)/Demethylase | Testis tissue | Yes/No for JHDM2A | (18) | |
| YBX2 | DNA-RNA-binding protein (testis-specific) | Testis tissue | Yes P<0.0001 | (19) | |
| PRM1, PRM2 and TNP2 | Compact DNA sperm (testis-specific )/Replacement of histones to protamine (testis-specific) | Semen | PRM1, PRM2decrease/TNP2 increase | (20) | |
| PRM1 and PRM2 | Compact DNA sperm (testis-specific) | Testis tissue | Yes, for PRM1 P<0.001 | (21) | |
| PRM2 | Compact sperm DNA (testis-specific) | Semen | No | (22) | |
| Casp 9 and PRM2 | Apoptosis/Compact sperm DNA (testis-specific) | Semen | Yes, for PRM2 P<0.05 | (23) | |
| KDM3A and PRM1 | Demethylase/Compact sperm DNA (testis-specific) | Testis tissue | Decrease in NOA | (24) | |
| DAZ, AKAP4, PRM1 and PRM2 | RNA-binding protein/Regulatory subunit of protein kinase A/Compact DNA sperm (testis-specific) | Semen | Yes, for DAZ and PRM2 | (5) | |
| PRM1 PRM2 and HILS1 | Compact DNA sperm (testis-specific)/Linker histone | Sperm | Yes, for PRM1 and PRM2 P<0.001 | (25) | |
| ZMYND15, TNP1, PRM1 and SPEM1 | Transcriptional repressor/Replacement of histones to protamine (testis-specific)/Compact sperm DNA (testis-specific)/Spermatid maturation (testis-specific) | Testis tissue | Yes | (26) | |
| PRM2, HSP90 and WNT5A | Compact sperm DNA (testis-specific)/Chaperone/Signaling proteins | Sperm | Yes P≤0.05 | (27) | |
| TNP1 | Replacement of histones to protamine (testis-specific | Semen | Yes --- | (28) | |
| HSPA2 | Folding and transport | Semen | No | (29) | |
| TGIFLX/Y | Transcription factor (testis-specific) | Testis tissue | Yes | (30) | |
| SYCP3 | Recombination | Testis tissue | Yes | (31) | |
| Septin14 | GTP-binding cytoskeletal proteins | Testis tissue | Yes | (32) | |
| DAZ | RNA-binding protein | Testis tissue | Yes | (33) | |
| TSGA10 | Sperm tail fibrous sheath | Testis tissue | Yes | (34) | |
| Clusterin | Chaperone | Testis tissue | Yes | (35) | |
| hTSH2B | Histone | Testis tissue | Yes | (36) | |
| BAX and BCL-2 | Apoptotic regulators | Semen | No/Yes | (37) | |
| ERα | Estrogen receptor | Sperm | Yes P≤0.05 | (38) | |
| Semen | Yes | (39) | |||
| SREs | Sperm RNA elements | Sperm | P≤0.05 | (40) | |