Table 3.

Volatile fraction, in mg/L, determined with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results correspond to (A) control fermentations and (B) PL treatment. Average and STD for n = 3. Different letters indicate a significant difference within the same treatment for each compound.

A	Spontaneous	T. delbrueckii	S. pombe	L. thermotolerans	H. vineae	M. pulcherrima	S. cerevisiae
Acetaldehyde	7.8 ± 0.9 a	12.6 ± 8.4 a	13.1 ± 3.3 a	9.4 ± 1.0 a	8.4 ± 0.5 a	7.9 ± 0.3 a	7.1 ± 1.2 a
Methanol	26.9 ± 1.0 ab	26.6 ± 4.2 b	23.0 ± 0.3 ab	23.1 ± 1.2 b	24.9 ± 3.7 b	23.7 ± 1.7 b	29.7 ± 2.0 a
1-propanol	43.2 ± 4.0 b	52.2 ± 1.3 a	42.6 ± 1.2 b	44.6 ± 1.6 b	40.3 ± 4.6 b	41.2 ± 1.6 b	20.1 ± 1.0 c
Diacetyl	1.5 ± 0.1 ab	1.5 ± 0.1 b	1.7 ± 0.1 ab	1.6 ± 0.1 ab	1.9 ± 0.2 a	1.6 ± 0.1 b	1.7 ± 0.4 ab
Ethyl acetate	159.8 ± 17.9 a	82.2 ± 16.2 c	90.9 ± 10.3 c	62.9 ± 7.6 d	80.8 ± 1.4 c	113.1 ± 7.4 b	19.8 ± 1.5 e
2-butanol	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Isobutanol	45.0 ± 7.6 ab	56.9 ± 12.9 a	39.8 ± 3.2 b	38.9 ± 5.1 b	23.4 ± 1.7 c	42.6 ± 5.7 b	27.0 ± 0.5 c
1-butanol	4.3 ± 0.2 a	4.8 ± 0.5 a	4.4 ± 0.3 a	4.6 ± 0.3 a	4.9 ± 5.1 a	4.8 ± 0.1 a	4.8 ± 0.1 a
Acetoin	6.0 ± 0.5 b	5.4 ± 0.4 b	19.2 ± 10.1 a	6.2 ± 0.7 b	7.3 ± 1.4 b	7.1 ± 1.0 b	5.8 ± 0.3 b
3-methyl-1-butanol	102.5 ± 4.7 c	139.4 ± 18.1 b	95.2 ± 6.3 c	113.0 ± 7.0 bc	106.4 ± 13.1 c	93.6 ± 5.0 c	192.4 ± 37.5 a
2-methyl-1-butanol	47.4 ± 2.6 a	45.2 ± 2.7 a	45.2 ± 1.2 a	38.7 ± 3.2 a	35.2 ± 1.9 a	47.0 ± 2.8 a	64.8 ± 56.1 a
Isobutyl acetate	1.1 ± 1.5 a	1.1 ± 1.9 a	1.0 ± 1.7 a	2.3 ± 0.9 a	1.6 ± 2.8 a	3.3 ± 0.8 a	3.0 ± 0.6 a
Ethyl butyrate	0.8 ± 1.1 ab	3.0 ± 2.4 a	0.9 ± 0.7 b	1.8 ± 0.9 ab	0.9 ± 0.8 ab	0.9 ± 0.8 ab	1.4 ± 0.4 ab
Ethyl lactate	46.5 ± 8.8 ab	31.9 ± 17.0 bc	13.7 ± 4.5 d	21.8 ± 8.3 cd	51.2 ± 6.6 a	15.6 ± 1.5 d	11.6 ± 1.2 d
2,3-butanediol	529.2 ± 17.4 bcd	547.4 ± 67.8 bc	672.6 ± 35.7 a	586.7 ± 63.5 b	470.2 ± 53.7 cd	614.5 ± 33.4 ab	445.9 ± 24.4 d
Isoamyl acetate	1.9 ± 0.1 abc	2.7 ± 0.3 a	1.8 ± 0.1 bc	2.5 ± 0.1 ab	1.9 ± 0.1 ab	1.9 ± 0.0 b	1.2 ± 1.0 c
Hexanol	4.1 ± 0.8 b	4.4 ± 0.1 b	4.6 ± 0.1 ab	4.4 ± 0.1 b	4.3 ± 0.1 b	4.6 ± 0.1 ab	5.0 ± 0.6 a
2-phenyl ethanol	29.2 ± 0.8 cd	35.7 ± 2.8 bc	29.8 ± 1.2 cd	41.5 ± 7.3 b	25.6 ± 1.5 d	34.5 ± 2.3 bc	76.6 ± 6.5 a
2-phenyl ethyl acetate	6.5 ± 1.5 a	5.3 ± 0.2 a	5.1 ± 0.1 a	5.0 ± 0.3 a	6.2 ± 1.9 a	5.2 ± 0.3 a	5.2 ± 0.4 a
B	Spontaneous	T. delbrueckii	S. pombe	L. thermotolerans	H. vineae	M. pulcherrima	S. cerevisiae
Acetaldehyde	14.1 ± 0.9 a	10.0 ± 1.2 b	10.0 ± 3.0 b	8.2 ± 1.8 b	13.5 ± 0.7 a	7.8 ± 1.2 b	8.4 ± 0.1 b
Methanol	21.7 ± 1.2 ab	24.0 ± 2.0 a	24.0 ± 3.5 a	22.4 ± 3.3 ab	17.9 ± 1.3 b	26.0 ± 0.2 a	22.5 ± 3.6 a
1-propanol	54.0 ± 1.2 bc	71.5 ± 5.0 a	40.6 ± 15.1 c	52.8 ± 1.3 b	48.7 ± 2.2 bc	40.5 ± 7.1 c	26.6 ± 0.6 d
Diacetyl	1.5 ± 0.1 b	1.7 ± 0.3 ab	1.6 ± 0.1 ab	1.5 ± 0.1 b	1.8 ± 0.1 a	1.5 ± 0.0 b	1.5 ± 0.1 b
Ethyl acetate	147.3 ± 3.2 a	118.5 ± 17.8 b	120.3 ± 3.2 b	96.5 ± 4.6 c	81.2 ± 3.2 c	134.1 ± 16.3 ab	24.6 ± 2.8 d
2-butanol	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
Isobutanol	64.4 ± 2.7 a	53.5 ± 6.1 ab	39.2 ± 6.5 c	42.2 ± 11.0 c	19.5 ± 0.4 d	45.3 ± 2.6 bc	25.5 ± 0.8 d
1-butanol	4.4 ± 0.1 bc	4.5 ± 0.2 abc	4.4 ± 0.5 bc	4.9 ± 0.4 a	4.5 ± 0.1 abc	4.1 ± 0.1 c	4.8 ± 0.1 ab
Acetoin	4.8 ± 0.2 a	7.2 ± 1.4 a	8.0 ± 3.9 a	7.1 ± 1.5 a	8.4 ± 2.5 a	6.3 ± 0.7 a	5.8 ± 1.0 a
3-methyl-1-butanol	89.5 ± 3.2 cd	132.9 ± 16.4 b	64.2 ± 14.8 e	113.0 ± 16.5 bc	100.0 ± 4.6 cd	80.6 ± 14.2 de	167.3 ± 3.0 a
2-methyl-1-butanol	51.2 ± 0.3 b	44.1 ± 4.5 bc	33.3 ± 7.9 de	36.4 ± 8.7 cd	25.4 ± 1.0 e	31.4 ± 2.7 de	81.5 ± 1.9 a
Isobutyl acetate	2.6 ± 0.1 ab	3.1 ± 0.9 a	2.3 ± 1.0 ab	1.0 ± 0.9 b	1.8 ± 1.8 ab	3.2 ± 0.9 a	0.8 ± 1.5 b
Ethyl butyrate	2.7 ± 0.1 a	1.3 ± 0.0 ab	1.1 ± 1.8 ab	1.4 ± 0.2 ab	0.5 ± 0.8 b	1.1 ± 1.1 ab	1.6 ± 0.5 ab
Ethyl lactate	36.1 ± 2.2 a	25.6 ± 16.2 a	31.2 ± 3.2 a	42.2 ± 3.9 a	22.5 ± 8.1 a	12.2 ± 0.7 a	28.7 ± 13.3 a
2,3-butanediol	766.5 ± 8.5 a	588.3 ± 22.0 bc	775.9 ± 182.3 a	687.5 ± 73.7 ab	459.7 ± 38.1 c	638.7 ± 54.0 ab	596.7 ± 41.4 bc
Isoamyl acetate	1.7 ± 0.0 cd	8.2 ± 0.4 a	1.7 ± 0.0 d	2.3 ± 0.6 bc	2.3 ± 0.3 b	1.8 ± 0.1 bcd	2.0 ± 0.1 bcd
Hexanol	4.2 ± 0.0 a	3.8 ± 0.0 b	4.1 ± 0.2 ab	3.9 ± 0.2 ab	4.1 ± 0.2 ab	4.1 ± 0.1 a	4.1 ± 0.2 ab
2-phenyl ethanol	24.6 ± 1.6 cd	35.2 ± 8.1 b	20.5 ± 4.1 d	29.6 ± 0.9 bc	25.5 ± 2.0 cd	24.1 ± 2.6 cd	62.9 ± 2.1 a
2-phenyl ethyl acetate	5.5 ± 0.1 a	5.5 ± 0.4 a	6.3 ± 2.1 a	4.2 ± 3.8 a	6.6 ± 0.8 a	6.0 ± 1.5 a	5.1 ± 0.1 a

n.d.—no-data below detection limit.